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Embryonic morphogenetic programs coordinate cell behavior to ensure robust pattern formation. Having identified components of those programs by molecular genetics, developmental biology is now borrowing concepts and tools from systems biology to decode their regulatory logic. Dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning of the frog gastrula by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) is one of the best studied examples of a self-regulating embryonic patterning system. Embryological analyses and mathematical modeling are revealing that the BMP activity gradient is maintained by a directed flow of BMP ligands towards the ventral side. Pattern robustness is ensured through feedback control of the levels of extracellular BMP pathway modulators that adjust the flow to the dimensions of the embryonic field.
Figure 4.
The frog dorsal center can induce epidermal differentiation at a distance. (a)Cytokeratin mRNA marks the epidermis, a region of high BMP signaling in the Xenopus embryo at neural plate stage. (b) When four BMPs are depleted by knocking down simultaneously BMP2/4/7 and ADMP with antisense Morpholino oligonucleotides, the entire ectoderm is converted to central nervous system tissue as indicated by the absence of Cytokeratin mRNA staining. (c) Transplantation of a wild-type (WT) dorsal center into an embryo depleted of BMPs restores dorsal–ventral patterning and epidermal differentiation at a distance. The transplanted wild-type tissue, which was labeled with the lineage tracer nuclear-LacZ, gives rise to notochord. These experiments show that the dorsal center is a source of BMP ligands that are transported and induce BMP signaling at a distance.
Adapted from [47], with permission.
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