Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
We have isolated a novel basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene homologous to the Drosophila proneural gene atonal, termed ATH-3, from Xenopus and mouse. ATH-3 is expressed in the developing nervous system, with high levels of expression in the brain, retina and cranial ganglions. Injection of ATH-3 RNA into Xenopus embryos dramatically expands the neural tube and induces ectopic neural tissues in the epidermis but inhibits non-neural development. This ATH-3-induced neural hyperplasia does not require cell division, indicating that surrounding cells which are normally non-neural types adopt a neural fate. In a Xenopus animal cap assay, ATH-3 is able to convert ectodermal cells into neurons expressing anterior markers without inducing mesoderm. Interestingly, a single amino acid change from Ser to Asp in the basic region, which mimics phosphorylation of Ser, severely impairs the anterior marker-inducing ability without affecting general neurogenic activities. These results provide evidence that ATH-3 can directly convert non-neural or undetermined cells into a neural fate, and suggest that the Ser residue in the basic region may be critical for the regulation of ATH-3 activity by phosphorylation.
Akazawa,
Molecular characterization of a rat negative regulator with a basic helix-loop-helix structure predominantly expressed in the developing nervous system.
1992, Pubmed
Akazawa,
Molecular characterization of a rat negative regulator with a basic helix-loop-helix structure predominantly expressed in the developing nervous system.
1992,
Pubmed
Bader,
Immunochemical analysis of myosin heavy chain during avian myogenesis in vivo and in vitro.
1982,
Pubmed
Benezra,
The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins.
1990,
Pubmed
Ferreiro,
XASH genes promote neurogenesis in Xenopus embryos.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Guillemot,
Mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 is required for the early development of olfactory and autonomic neurons.
1993,
Pubmed
Halder,
Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.
1995,
Pubmed
Harland,
In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Harris,
Neuronal determination without cell division in Xenopus embryos.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hatada,
Identification of a Xenopus glutamine synthetase gene abundantly expressed in the embryonic nervous system but not in adult brain.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hemmati-Brivanlou,
Inhibition of activin receptor signaling promotes neuralization in Xenopus.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hill,
Mouse small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene.
,
Pubmed
Hopwood,
A Xenopus mRNA related to Drosophila twist is expressed in response to induction in the mesoderm and the neural crest.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Isaka,
Genetic mapping of four mouse bHLH genes related to Drosophila proneural gene atonal.
1996,
Pubmed
Ishibashi,
Persistent expression of helix-loop-helix factor HES-1 prevents mammalian neural differentiation in the central nervous system.
1994,
Pubmed
Ishibashi,
Targeted disruption of mammalian hairy and Enhancer of split homolog-1 (HES-1) leads to up-regulation of neural helix-loop-helix factors, premature neurogenesis, and severe neural tube defects.
1995,
Pubmed
Jan,
HLH proteins, fly neurogenesis, and vertebrate myogenesis.
1993,
Pubmed
Jarman,
Atonal is the proneural gene for Drosophila photoreceptors.
1994,
Pubmed
Jarman,
atonal is a proneural gene that directs chordotonal organ formation in the Drosophila peripheral nervous system.
1993,
Pubmed
Johnson,
Two rat homologues of Drosophila achaete-scute specifically expressed in neuronal precursors.
1990,
Pubmed
Kageyama,
Regulation of mammalian neural development by helix-loop-helix transcription factors.
1995,
Pubmed
Kohl,
Human N-myc is closely related in organization and nucleotide sequence to c-myc.
,
Pubmed
Krieg,
The mRNA encoding elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1 alpha) is a major transcript at the midblastula transition in Xenopus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Krieg,
Functional messenger RNAs are produced by SP6 in vitro transcription of cloned cDNAs.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kume,
Molecular cloning of a novel basic helix-loop-helix protein from the rat brain.
1996,
Pubmed
Lamb,
Neural induction by the secreted polypeptide noggin.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Lee,
Conversion of Xenopus ectoderm into neurons by NeuroD, a basic helix-loop-helix protein.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Li,
FGF inactivates myogenic helix-loop-helix proteins through phosphorylation of a conserved protein kinase C site in their DNA-binding domains.
1992,
Pubmed
Naya,
Tissue-specific regulation of the insulin gene by a novel basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor.
1995,
Pubmed
Ruiz i Altaba,
Ectopic neural expression of a floor plate marker in frog embryos injected with the midline transcription factor Pintallavis.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Saha,
Early opsin expression in Xenopus embryos precedes photoreceptor differentiation.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sasai,
Regulation of neural induction by the Chd and Bmp-4 antagonistic patterning signals in Xenopus.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sasai,
Two mammalian helix-loop-helix factors structurally related to Drosophila hairy and Enhancer of split.
1992,
Pubmed
Sharpe,
Developmental expression of a neurofilament-M and two vimentin-like genes in Xenopus laevis.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sharpe,
XIF3, a Xenopus peripherin gene, requires an inductive signal for enhanced expression in anterior neural tissue.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Shimizu,
MATH-2, a mammalian helix-loop-helix factor structurally related to the product of Drosophila proneural gene atonal, is specifically expressed in the nervous system.
1995,
Pubmed
Smith,
Expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Stutz,
Isolation and characterization of sarcomeric actin genes expressed in Xenopus laevis embryos.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Takebayashi,
Structure and promoter analysis of the gene encoding the mouse helix-loop-helix factor HES-5. Identification of the neural precursor cell-specific promoter element.
1995,
Pubmed
Takebayashi,
Structure, chromosomal locus, and promoter analysis of the gene encoding the mouse helix-loop-helix factor HES-1. Negative autoregulation through the multiple N box elements.
1994,
Pubmed
Tomita,
Mammalian hairy and Enhancer of split homolog 1 regulates differentiation of retinal neurons and is essential for eye morphogenesis.
1996,
Pubmed
Turner,
Expression of achaete-scute homolog 3 in Xenopus embryos converts ectodermal cells to a neural fate.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Walther,
Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS.
1991,
Pubmed
Wright,
The Xenopus XIHbox 6 homeo protein, a marker of posterior neural induction, is expressed in proliferating neurons.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Yasunami,
Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel basic helix-loop-helix protein structurally related to Neuro-D/BHF1.
1996,
Pubmed
Zaraisky,
A novel homeobox gene expressed in the anterior neural plate of the Xenopus embryo.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zimmerman,
XASH-3, a novel Xenopus achaete-scute homolog, provides an early marker of planar neural induction and position along the mediolateral axis of the neural plate.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
