Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1991 Sep 15;8818:8096-100.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Tat-dependent adenosine-to-inosine modification of wild-type transactivation response RNA.
Sharmeen L
,
Bass B
,
Sonenberg N
,
Weintraub H
,
Groudine M
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Tat is a potent activator of gene expression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Activation by Tat requires a cis-acting element, the transactivation response (TAR) site, located in the viral long terminal repeat and the 5' end of all viral mRNAs. Sequences in TAR RNA can fold into a specific stem-loop structure, and certain features of the stem-loop are essential for Tat-mediated transactivation. In Xenopus oocytes, TAR sequences can inhibit the translation of 3' cis-linked mRNAs. However, coinjection of Tat and the TAR-containing RNA into oocyte nuclei relieves this translational inhibition [Braddock, M., Chambers, A., Wilson, W., Esnout, M. A., Adams, S.E. & Kingsman, S.M. (1989) Cell 58, 269-279]. We report here that the intramolecular TAR stem-loop structure is a substrate for the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-modifying activity, which converts adenosines to inosines. This activity is located in the nuclei of Xenopus oocytes. The specificity and extent of modification of adenosines in TAR is dependent on Tat. We propose that the dsRNA-modifying activity may be one of the cellular proteins that interacts with TAR in the nucleus. The possible role of TAR RNA modification in the expression of HIV-1 is discussed.
Bass,
An unwinding activity that covalently modifies its double-stranded RNA substrate.
1988, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Bass,
An unwinding activity that covalently modifies its double-stranded RNA substrate.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bass,
A developmentally regulated activity that unwinds RNA duplexes.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bentley,
Sequence requirements for premature termination of transcription in the human c-myc gene.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Berkhout,
TAR-independent activation of the HIV-1 LTR: evidence that tat requires specific regions of the promoter.
1990,
Pubmed
Braddock,
HIV-1 TAT "activates" presynthesized RNA in the nucleus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Braddock,
Blocking of Tat-dependent HIV-1 RNA modification by an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II processivity.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Cotton,
Reactivity of cytosine and thymine in single-base-pair mismatches with hydroxylamine and osmium tetroxide and its application to the study of mutations.
1988,
Pubmed
Cullen,
Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism.
1986,
Pubmed
Dingwall,
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 tat protein binds trans-activation-responsive region (TAR) RNA in vitro.
1989,
Pubmed
Edery,
Activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (dsl) by the TAR region of HIV-1 mRNA: a novel translational control mechanism.
1989,
Pubmed
Feng,
HIV-1 tat trans-activation requires the loop sequence within tar.
1988,
Pubmed
Gatignol,
Identification of cellular proteins that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation-responsive TAR element RNA.
1989,
Pubmed
Gaynor,
Specific binding of a HeLa cell nuclear protein to RNA sequences in the human immunodeficiency virus transactivating region.
1989,
Pubmed
Hauber,
Mutational analysis of the trans-activation-responsive region of the human immunodeficiency virus type I long terminal repeat.
1988,
Pubmed
Jakobovits,
A discrete element 3' of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 mRNA initiation sites mediates transcriptional activation by an HIV trans activator.
1988,
Pubmed
Kao,
Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product.
,
Pubmed
Kimelman,
An antisense mRNA directs the covalent modification of the transcript encoding fibroblast growth factor in Xenopus oocytes.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kozak,
Circumstances and mechanisms of inhibition of translation by secondary structure in eucaryotic mRNAs.
1989,
Pubmed
Laspia,
HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional initiation and stabilizes elongation.
1989,
Pubmed
Levin,
Synthesis of murine leukemia virus proteins associated with virions assembled in actinomycin D-treated cells: evidence for persistence of viral messenger RNA.
1976,
Pubmed
Muesing,
Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein.
1987,
Pubmed
Parkin,
Mutational analysis of the 5' non-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects of secondary structure on translation.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Pelletier,
Insertion mutagenesis to increase secondary structure within the 5' noncoding region of a eukaryotic mRNA reduces translational efficiency.
1985,
Pubmed
Rosen,
Post-transcriptional regulation accounts for the trans-activation of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III.
,
Pubmed
Roy,
Structural requirements for trans activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by tat: importance of base pairing, loop sequence, and bulges in the tat-responsive sequence.
1990,
Pubmed
Roy,
A bulge structure in HIV-1 TAR RNA is required for Tat binding and Tat-mediated trans-activation.
1990,
Pubmed
Sharp,
HIV TAR: an RNA enhancer?
1989,
Pubmed
Wagner,
Cell cycle expression of RNA duplex unwindase activity in mammalian cells.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wagner,
A double-stranded RNA unwinding activity introduces structural alterations by means of adenosine to inosine conversions in mammalian cells and Xenopus eggs.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Weeks,
Fragments of the HIV-1 Tat protein specifically bind TAR RNA.
1990,
Pubmed
