XB-ART-52219
Dev Biol
2007 Jun 01;3061:20-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.021.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Amphibian metamorphosis.
Brown DD
,
Cai L
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 17449026
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC1945045
???displayArticle.link??? Dev Biol
???displayArticle.grants??? [+]
R01 GM022395-28 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-30 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-26 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-27 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-24 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-31 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-25 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-32 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 GM022395-29 NIGMS NIH HHS
Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: thra thrb tshb
???attribute.lit??? ???displayArticles.show???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of some key events during X. laevis tadpole development. The time post fertilization is on the x axis. Above the line are “tadpole†blots of animals incubated for 24 h with Na 125I, fixed with formaldehyde, and washed to lower background (see Brown, 1997for the method). The tadpoles were dried on filter paper and filmed. X. laevis has 2 thyroid glands located on either side of the midline (solid arrow). The first incorporation of iodine into the thyroid gland occurs 10 days after fertilization (NF46). The solid line represents the concentrations of both TH and TRβ during development. TRβ is a direct response gene of TH. |
|
Fig. 2. The negative feedback loop between the thyroid gland and the anterior pituitary regulates the circulating levels of T4. Throughout tadpole growth TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize increasing amounts of T4. However, TSH production is not shut down until D2 is up-regulated at metamorphic climax in the anterior pituitary (Huang et al., 2001) and converts local T4 to the active hormone T3. This figure shows where pharmacological inhibitors interfere with the formation or inactivation of thyroid hormone. |
|
Fig. 3. Limb phenotypes at climax (NF62). (A) Control. A dominant negative form of the thyroid receptor is expressed in (B) neural tissue; (C) collagen and skeletal structures; (D) muscle. This figure was taken from Brown et al. (2005). Scale bar: 2Â mm. |
|
Fig. 4. Skin remodeling. The tadpole epidermis (upper) has 3 cell layers covering a collagen lamella and contains no glands. The cells in all three layers replicate. At climax (middle) a dermis forms, and two different kinds of skin glands appear for the first time. The skin becomes a germinative epithelium with replication only in the basal cell layer. |
|
References [+] :
Allen,
Transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos can be generated using phiC31 integrase.
2005, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Allen, Transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos can be generated using phiC31 integrase. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Atkinson, Thyroid hormone induces a reprogramming of gene expression in the liver of premetamorphic Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Becker, The type 2 and type 3 iodothyronine deiodinases play important roles in coordinating development in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. 1997, Pubmed
Benbassat, The transition from tadpole to frog haemoglobin during natural amphibian metamorphosis. I. Protein synthesis by peripheral blood cells in vitro. 1974, Pubmed , Xenbase
Benedict, Increased junctional diversity in fetal B cells results in a loss of protective anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies in adult mice. 1999, Pubmed
Bernal, Thyroid hormones and brain development. 2005, Pubmed
Berry, The expression pattern of thyroid hormone response genes in remodeling tadpole tissues defines distinct growth and resorption gene expression programs. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Berry, The expression pattern of thyroid hormone response genes in the tadpole tail identifies multiple resorption programs. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bertrand, Evolutionary genomics of nuclear receptors: from twenty-five ancestral genes to derived endocrine systems. 2004, Pubmed
Bevins, Peptides from frog skin. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Blumberg, Multiple retinoid-responsive receptors in a single cell: families of retinoid "X" receptors and retinoic acid receptors in the Xenopus egg. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brooks, Structure and functional expression of a cloned Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brown, The role of thyroid hormone in zebrafish and axolotl development. 1997, Pubmed
Brown, The thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption program during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brown, The role of deiodinases in amphibian metamorphosis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Brown, Thyroid hormone controls multiple independent programs required for limb development in Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Buchholz, Gene-specific changes in promoter occupancy by thyroid hormone receptor during frog metamorphosis. Implications for developmental gene regulation. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Buchholz, A dominant-negative thyroid hormone receptor blocks amphibian metamorphosis by retaining corepressors at target genes. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Buchholz, Pairing morphology with gene expression in thyroid hormone-induced intestinal remodeling and identification of a core set of TH-induced genes across tadpole tissues. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Buchholz, Molecular and developmental analyses of thyroid hormone receptor function in Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Buckbinder, Expression of the Xenopus laevis prolactin and thyrotropin genes during metamorphosis. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Buckbinder, Thyroid hormone-induced gene expression changes in the developing frog limb. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cai, Expression of type II iodothyronine deiodinase marks the time that a tissue responds to thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cai, Changing a limb muscle growth program into a resorption program. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Callery, Frogs without polliwogs: evolution of anuran direct development. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cameron, Evidence for polarizing zone in the limb buds of Xenopus laevis. 1977, Pubmed , Xenbase
Coen, Xenopus Bcl-X(L) selectively protects Rohon-Beard neurons from metamorphic degeneration. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cooper, Methimazole pharmacology in the rat: studies using a newly developed radioimmunoassay for methimazole. 1984, Pubmed
Das, Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Das, Gene expression changes at metamorphosis induced by thyroid hormone in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Das, Multiple thyroid hormone-induced muscle growth and death programs during metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
de Luze, Thyroid hormone-dependent transcriptional regulation of exogenous genes transferred into Xenopus tadpole muscle in vivo. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Denver, Thyroid hormone-dependent gene expression program for Xenopus neural development. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Du Pasquier, B-cell development in the amphibian Xenopus. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Du Pasquier, Expression of MHC class II antigens during Xenopus development. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Eliceiri, Quantitation of endogenous thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Elinson, Novel structural elements identified during tail resorption in Xenopus laevis metamorphosis: lessons from tailed frogs. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Escriva, The evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily. 2004, Pubmed
Fox, Tissue degeneration: an electron microscopic study of the pronephros of Rana temporaria. 1970, Pubmed
Fujimoto, One of the duplicated matrix metalloproteinase-9 genes is expressed in regressing tail during anuran metamorphosis. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Furlow, In vitro and in vivo analysis of the regulation of a transcription factor gene by thyroid hormone during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Furlow, The transcription factor basic transcription element-binding protein 1 is a direct thyroid hormone response gene in the frog Xenopus laevis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Furlow, Induction of larval tissue resorption in Xenopus laevis tadpoles by the thyroid hormone receptor agonist GC-1. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Furlow, A set of novel tadpole specific genes expressed only in the epidermis are down-regulated by thyroid hormone during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Furlow, A developmental switch induced by thyroid hormone: Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gaillard, Differential expression of two skeletal muscle beta-tropomyosin mRNAs during Xenopus laevis development. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Galton, The role of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in the physiological action of thyroxine in the premetamorphic tadpole. 1989, Pubmed
Gargioli, Cell lineage tracing during Xenopus tail regeneration. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Gross, How tadpoles lose their tails: path to discovery of the first matrix metalloproteinase. 2004, Pubmed
GROSS, The identification of 3:5:3'-L-triiodothyronine in human plasma. 1952, Pubmed
GROSS, Collagenolytic activity in amphibian tissues: a tissue culture assay. 1962, Pubmed
Haas, Targeted electroporation in Xenopus tadpoles in vivo--from single cells to the entire brain. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Harington, Chemistry of Thyroxine: Isolation of Thyroxine from the Thyroid Gland. 1926, Pubmed
Havis, Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor is essential for Xenopus laevis eye development. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Helbing, Expression profiles of novel thyroid hormone-responsive genes and proteins in the tail of Xenopus laevis tadpoles undergoing precocious metamorphosis. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Higgs, Neuronal turnover in the Xenopus laevis olfactory epithelium during metamorphosis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hiroi, Rapid nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. 2006, Pubmed
Hoskins, Control of the development of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projection in Xenopus laevis by thyroxine: results and speculation. 1986, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hsu, Changes in the amphibian antibody repertoire are correlated with metamorphosis and not with age or size. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Huang, Prolactin is not a juvenile hormone in Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Huang, Metamorphosis is inhibited in transgenic Xenopus laevis tadpoles that overexpress type III deiodinase. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Huang, Timing of metamorphosis and the onset of the negative feedback loop between the thyroid gland and the pituitary is controlled by type II iodothyronine deiodinase in Xenopus laevis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
HUGHES, Cell degeneration in the larval ventral horn of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). 1961, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ikuzawa, Stomach remodeling-associated changes of H+/K+-ATPase beta subunit expression in Xenopus laevis and H+/K+-ATPase-dependent acid secretion in tadpole stomach. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka, Inductive action of epithelium on differentiation of intestinal connective tissue of Xenopus laevis tadpoles during metamorphosis in vitro. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka, Thyroid hormone-upregulated expression of Musashi-1 is specific for progenitor cells of the adult epithelium during amphibian gastrointestinal remodeling. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka, Temporal and spatial expression of an intestinal Na+/PO4 3- cotransporter correlates with epithelial transformation during thyroid hormone-dependent frog metamorphosis. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka, Shh/BMP-4 signaling pathway is essential for intestinal epithelial development during Xenopus larval-to-adult remodeling. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ishizuya-Oka, Molecular mechanisms for thyroid hormone-induced remodeling in the amphibian digestive tract: a model for studying organ regeneration. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Izutsu, Metamorphosis-dependent recognition of larval skin as non-self by inbred adult frogs (Xenopus laevis). 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jung, Matrix metalloproteinases mediate the dismantling of mesenchymal structures in the tadpole tail during thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jurd, An immunofluorescent study of the haemoglobins in metamorphosing Xenopus laevis. 1970, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kanamori, The regulation of thyroid hormone receptor beta genes by thyroid hormone in Xenopus laevis. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kanamori, Cultured cells as a model for amphibian metamorphosis. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kawahara, Developmental and regional expression of thyroid hormone receptor genes during Xenopus metamorphosis. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kawahara, Thyroid hormone directly induces hepatocyte competence for estrogen-dependent vitellogenin synthesis during the metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kikuyama, Aspects of amphibian metamorphosis: hormonal control. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Kroll, Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lee, Isolation and characterization of the Xenopus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Leone, Ultrastructural analysis of some functional aspects of Xenopus laevis pancreas during development and metamorphosis. 1976, Pubmed , Xenbase
Lim, A thyroid hormone antagonist that inhibits thyroid hormone action in vivo. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Maake, An immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, glucagon, somatostatin, and PP in the development of the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of Xenopus laevis. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Maniatis, ERYTHROPOIESIS DURING AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS : I. Site of Maturation of Erythrocytes in Rana catesbeiana. 1971, Pubmed
Mann, Control of retinal growth and axon divergence at the chiasm: lessons from Xenopus. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Marklew, Isolation of a novel RXR from Xenopus that most closely resembles mammalian RXR beta and is expressed throughout early development. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Marsh-Armstrong, Asymmetric growth and development of the Xenopus laevis retina during metamorphosis is controlled by type III deiodinase. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Marsh-Armstrong, Thyroid hormone controls the development of connections between the spinal cord and limbs during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. 2004, Pubmed , Xenbase
Marsh-Armstrong, Germ-line transmission of transgenes in Xenopus laevis. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Mathisen, Thyroid hormone induction of keratin genes: a two-step activation of gene expression during development. 1987, Pubmed , Xenbase
McAvoy, Cell specialization in the small intestinal epithelium of adult Xenopus laevis: structural aspects. 1978, Pubmed , Xenbase
Miyatani, Stage-specific keratins in Xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles: the XK81 gene family. 1986, Pubmed , Xenbase
Morvan Dubois, Deiodinase activity is present in Xenopus laevis during early embryogenesis. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Moskaitis, Xenopus laevis serum albumin: sequence of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acids encoding the 68- and 74-kilodalton peptides and the regulation of albumin gene expression by thyroid hormone during development. 1989, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nakajima, Dual mechanisms governing muscle cell death in tadpole tail during amphibian metamorphosis. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nicolas, Expression of myogenic regulatory factors during muscle development of Xenopus: myogenin mRNA accumulation is limited strictly to secondary myogenesis. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nishikawa, Hormonal regulation of growth and life span of bullfrog tadpole tail epidermal cells cultured in vitro. 1986, Pubmed
Nishikawa, T3-hydrocortisone synergism on adult-type erythroblast proliferation and T3-mediated apoptosis of larval-type erythroblasts during erythropoietic conversion in Xenopus laevis. 1999, Pubmed , Xenbase
Nishikawa, Isoform transition of contractile proteins related to muscle remodeling with an axial gradient during metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ogino, Highly efficient transgenesis in Xenopus tropicalis using I-SceI meganuclease. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
PAIK, Biochemical studies on amphibian metamorphosis. I. The effect of thyroxine on protein synthesis in the tadpole. 1960, Pubmed
Pan, I-SceI meganuclease-mediated transgenesis in Xenopus. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Paul, Coactivator recruitment is essential for liganded thyroid hormone receptor to initiate amphibian metamorphosis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rabelo, Interplay between thyroid hormone and estrogen in modulating expression of their receptor and vitellogenin genes during Xenopus metamorphosis. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Ranjan, Transcriptional repression of Xenopus TR beta gene is mediated by a thyroid hormone response element located near the start site. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Regard, Plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in spontaneously metamorphosing Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and in adult anuran amphibia. 1978, Pubmed
Robertson, Thyroid hormone controls the onset of androgen sensitivity in the developing larynx of Xenopus laevis. 1996, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rollins-Smith, Metamorphosis and the amphibian immune system. 1998, Pubmed
Rot-Nikcevic, Tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormone in athyroid Xenopus laevis larvae. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Rowe, Autonomous regulation of muscle fibre fate during metamorphosis in Xenopus tropicalis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sachs, Nuclear receptor corepressor recruitment by unliganded thyroid hormone receptor in gene repression during Xenopus laevis development. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sap, The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. , Pubmed
Schlosser, Thyroid hormone promotes neurogenesis in the Xenopus spinal cord. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schreiber, Tadpole skin dies autonomously in response to thyroid hormone at metamorphosis. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schreiber, Remodeling of the intestine during metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schreiber, Diverse developmental programs of Xenopus laevis metamorphosis are inhibited by a dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shi, Thyroid hormone-dependent regulation of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene during amphibian metamorphosis. 1994, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shi, Developmental and thyroid hormone-dependent regulation of pancreatic genes in Xenopus laevis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shi, The earliest changes in gene expression in tadpole intestine induced by thyroid hormone. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shi, Genomic organization and alternative promoter usage of the two thyroid hormone receptor beta genes in Xenopus laevis. 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Shimizu-Nishikawa, Regulation of specific developmental fates of larval- and adult-type muscles during metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Stolow, Xenopus sonic hedgehog as a potential morphogen during embryogenesis and thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Suzuki, Novel Rana keratin genes and their expression during larval to adult epidermal conversion in bullfrog tadpoles. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tata, Requirement for RNA and protein synthesis for induced regression of the tadpole tail in organ culture. 1966, Pubmed
Tata, Amphibian metamorphosis as a model for the developmental actions of thyroid hormone. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Tazawa, A novel Xenopus laevis larval keratin gene, xlk2: its gene structure and expression during regeneration and metamorphosis of limb and tail. 2006, Pubmed , Xenbase
Thermes, I-SceI meganuclease mediates highly efficient transgenesis in fish. 2002, Pubmed
Thompson, The product of a thyroid hormone-responsive gene interacts with thyroid hormone receptors. 1997, Pubmed
Trueb, Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae). 1992, Pubmed , Xenbase
Veldhoen, Distinctive gene profiles occur at key points during natural metamorphosis in the Xenopus laevis tadpole tail. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wakahara, Heterochrony and neotenic salamanders: possible clues for understanding the animal development and evolution. 1996, Pubmed
Wang, Thyroid hormone-induced gene expression program for amphibian tail resorption. 1993, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wang, A gene expression screen. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Watanabe, New epidermal keratin genes from Xenopus laevis: hormonal and regional regulation of their expression during anuran skin metamorphosis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
WEBER, Induced metamorphosis in isolated tails of Xenopus larvae. 1962, Pubmed , Xenbase
Weinberger, The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. , Pubmed
Widmer, Globin gene expression in Xenopus laevis: anemia induces precocious globin transition and appearance of adult erythroblasts during metamorphosis. 1983, Pubmed , Xenbase
Wong, Coordinated regulation of and transcriptional activation by Xenopus thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yaoita, A correlation of thyroid hormone receptor gene expression with amphibian metamorphosis. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yaoita, Induction of apoptosis and CPP32 expression by thyroid hormone in a myoblastic cell line derived from tadpole tail. 1997, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yaoita, Xenopus laevis alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors. 1990, Pubmed , Xenbase
Yen, Effects of ligand and thyroid hormone receptor isoforms on hepatic gene expression profiles of thyroid hormone receptor knockout mice. 2003, Pubmed
Yoshizato, Death and Transformation of Larval Cells during Metamorphosis of Anura. 1992, Pubmed
Yoshizato, Biochemistry and cell biology of amphibian metamorphosis with a special emphasis on the mechanism of removal of larval organs. 1989, Pubmed