Wallingford JB , Mitchell B .

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Figure 1. Cilia diversity. (A) Transmission electron micros- copy of motile cilia; basal body-associated structures are evi- dent, including the downward-pointing striated rootlets, thought to be platforms for vesicle docking. (B) Cilia in a kidney tubule; defects in kidney cilia are associated with polycystic kidney disease. (C) Motile monocilia in the early embryo gen- erate fluid flow that is essential for normal left/right patterning. Patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia frequently display situs inversus. (D) Cilia in the lumen of the neural tube. (The acet- ylated tubulin immunostaining also highlights axon bundles.) These neural tube cilia are essential for normal Hedgehog- mediated patterning of the CNS. (E) A multiciliated cell. These cells beat directionally to move fluid in the airway, CNS, and oviducts. Defects in these cilia lead to respiratory problems and hydrocephalus. (F) Primary cilia in developing endoderm. Pri- mary cilia in various tissues appear to perform a wide range of sensory functions, and animals with defective cilia display de- fects in the lung, kidney, liver, and heart.

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