XB-ART-45519
Dev Biol
2012 Jul 15;3672:91-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.030.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
PRC2 during vertebrate organogenesis: A complex in transition.
???displayArticle.abstract???
During organogenesis, tissues expand in size and eventually acquire consistent ratios of cells with dazzling diversity in morphology and function. During this process progenitor cells exit the cell cycle and execute differentiation programs through extensive genetic reprogramming that involves the silencing of proliferation genes and the activation of differentiation genes in a step-wise temporal manner. Recent years have witnessed expansion in our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to cellular differentiation and maturation during organ development, as this is a crucial step toward advancing regenerative therapy research for many intractable disorders. Among such epigenetic programs, the developmental roles of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), a chromatin remodeling complex that mediates silencing of gene expression, have been under intensive examination. This review summarizes recent findings of how PRC2 functions to regulate the transition from proliferation to differentiation during organogenesis and discusses some aspects of the remaining questions associated with its regulation and mechanisms of action.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 22565092
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC3374057
???displayArticle.link??? Dev Biol
Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: eed ezh1 ezh2 h3-3a rbbp4 rbbp7 six1 suz12
References [+] :
Akasaka,
A role for mel-18, a Polycomb group-related vertebrate gene, during theanteroposterior specification of the axial skeleton.
1996, Pubmed
Akasaka, A role for mel-18, a Polycomb group-related vertebrate gene, during theanteroposterior specification of the axial skeleton. 1996, Pubmed
Akizu, H3K27me3 regulates BMP activity in developing spinal cord. 2010, Pubmed
Aldiri, Characterization of the expression pattern of the PRC2 core subunit Suz12 during embryonic development of Xenopus laevis. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Alexander, Hox genes and segmentation of the hindbrain and axial skeleton. 2009, Pubmed
Aoki, The polycomb group gene product Ezh2 regulates proliferation and differentiation of murine hepatic stem/progenitor cells. 2010, Pubmed
Arai, Polycomb group protein Ezh1 represses Nodal and maintains the left-right axis. 2010, Pubmed
Benoit, Polycomb repressive complex 2 impedes intestinal cell terminal differentiation. 2012, Pubmed
Berger, The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. 2007, Pubmed
Bernstein, A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. 2006, Pubmed
Boyer, Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. 2006, Pubmed
Bracken, Polycomb group proteins: navigators of lineage pathways led astray in cancer. 2009, Pubmed
Bracken, EZH2 is downstream of the pRB-E2F pathway, essential for proliferation and amplified in cancer. 2003, Pubmed
Bryant, The Polycomb Group protein EZH2 regulates actin polymerization in human prostate cancer cells. 2008, Pubmed
Burgold, The histone H3 lysine 27-specific demethylase Jmjd3 is required for neural commitment. 2008, Pubmed
Cao, Role of Bmi-1 and Ring1A in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing. 2005, Pubmed
Caretti, The Polycomb Ezh2 methyltransferase regulates muscle gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. 2004, Pubmed
Caretti, Phosphoryl-EZH-ion. 2011, Pubmed
Cha, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of EZH2 suppresses methylation of lysine 27 in histone H3. 2005, Pubmed
Chamberlain, Polycomb repressive complex 2 is dispensable for maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. 2008, Pubmed
Chen, Conditional ablation of Ezh2 in murine hearts reveals its essential roles in endocardial cushion formation, cardiomyocyte proliferation and survival. 2012, Pubmed
Chen, Polycomb protein Ezh2 regulates pancreatic beta-cell Ink4a/Arf expression and regeneration in diabetes mellitus. 2009, Pubmed
Chen, Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate epigenetic gene silencing through phosphorylation of EZH2. 2010, Pubmed
Chi, Covalent histone modifications--miswritten, misinterpreted and mis-erased in human cancers. 2010, Pubmed
Chou, The roles of EZH2 in cell lineage commitment. 2011, Pubmed
Delgado-Olguín, Epigenetic repression of cardiac progenitor gene expression by Ezh2 is required for postnatal cardiac homeostasis. 2012, Pubmed
del Mar Lorente, Loss- and gain-of-function mutations show a polycomb group function for Ring1A in mice. 2000, Pubmed
Ezhkova, Ezh2 orchestrates gene expression for the stepwise differentiation of tissue-specific stem cells. 2009, Pubmed
Ezhkova, EZH1 and EZH2 cogovern histone H3K27 trimethylation and are essential for hair follicle homeostasis and wound repair. 2011, Pubmed
Fasano, shRNA knockdown of Bmi-1 reveals a critical role for p21-Rb pathway in NSC self-renewal during development. 2007, Pubmed
Faust, The Polycomb-group gene eed is required for normal morphogenetic movements during gastrulation in the mouse embryo. 1998, Pubmed
Fischle, Molecular basis for the discrimination of repressive methyl-lysine marks in histone H3 by Polycomb and HP1 chromodomains. 2003, Pubmed
Füllgrabe, Histone onco-modifications. 2011, Pubmed
He, Polycomb repressive complex 2 regulates normal development of the mouse heart. 2012, Pubmed
Hirabayashi, Epigenetic control of neural precursor cell fate during development. 2010, Pubmed
Hirabayashi, Polycomb limits the neurogenic competence of neural precursor cells to promote astrogenic fate transition. 2009, Pubmed
Ho, An EZ mark to miss. 2008, Pubmed
Juan, Mir-214-dependent regulation of the polycomb protein Ezh2 in skeletal muscle and embryonic stem cells. 2009, Pubmed
Juan, Polycomb EZH2 controls self-renewal and safeguards the transcriptional identity of skeletal muscle stem cells. 2011, Pubmed
Kaneko, Phosphorylation of the PRC2 component Ezh2 is cell cycle-regulated and up-regulates its binding to ncRNA. 2010, Pubmed
Ketel, Subunit contributions to histone methyltransferase activities of fly and worm polycomb group complexes. 2005, Pubmed
Kim, Aebp2 as an epigenetic regulator for neural crest cells. 2011, Pubmed
Kleer, EZH2 is a marker of aggressive breast cancer and promotes neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. 2003, Pubmed
Ku, Genomewide analysis of PRC1 and PRC2 occupancy identifies two classes of bivalent domains. 2008, Pubmed
Kuzmichev, Histone methyltransferase activity associated with a human multiprotein complex containing the Enhancer of Zeste protein. 2002, Pubmed
Kuzmichev, Composition and histone substrates of polycomb repressive group complexes change during cellular differentiation. 2005, Pubmed
Lan, A histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase regulates animal posterior development. 2007, Pubmed
Landeira, Jarid2 is a PRC2 component in embryonic stem cells required for multi-lineage differentiation and recruitment of PRC1 and RNA Polymerase II to developmental regulators. 2010, Pubmed
Landeira, Inactive yet indispensable: the tale of Jarid2. 2011, Pubmed
Lee, UTX, a histone H3-lysine 27 demethylase, acts as a critical switch to activate the cardiac developmental program. 2012, Pubmed
Lee, Control of developmental regulators by Polycomb in human embryonic stem cells. 2006, Pubmed
Leeb, Polycomb complexes act redundantly to repress genomic repeats and genes. 2010, Pubmed
Li, Jarid2 and PRC2, partners in regulating gene expression. 2010, Pubmed
Li, Targeted overexpression of EZH2 in the mammary gland disrupts ductal morphogenesis and causes epithelial hyperplasia. 2009, Pubmed
Lim, Chromatin remodelling factor Mll1 is essential for neurogenesis from postnatal neural stem cells. 2009, Pubmed
Margueron, Role of the polycomb protein EED in the propagation of repressive histone marks. 2009, Pubmed
Margueron, The Polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life. 2011, Pubmed
Margueron, Ezh1 and Ezh2 maintain repressive chromatin through different mechanisms. 2008, Pubmed
Martinez, The role of polycomb group proteins in cell cycle regulation during development. 2006, Pubmed
Molofsky, Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation. 2003, Pubmed
Molofsky, Bmi-1 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal and neural development but not mouse growth and survival by repressing the p16Ink4a and p19Arf senescence pathways. 2005, Pubmed
Müller, Histone methyltransferase activity of a Drosophila Polycomb group repressor complex. 2002, Pubmed
Müller, E2Fs regulate the expression of genes involved in differentiation, development, proliferation, and apoptosis. 2001, Pubmed
Nekrasov, Pcl-PRC2 is needed to generate high levels of H3-K27 trimethylation at Polycomb target genes. 2007, Pubmed
Neri, Myc regulates the transcription of the PRC2 gene to control the expression of developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. 2012, Pubmed
Ng, Human long non-coding RNAs promote pluripotency and neuronal differentiation by association with chromatin modifiers and transcription factors. 2012, Pubmed
O'Carroll, The polycomb-group gene Ezh2 is required for early mouse development. 2001, Pubmed
Orzan, Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) is up-regulated in malignant gliomas and in glioma stem-like cells. 2011, Pubmed
Palacios, TNF/p38α/polycomb signaling to Pax7 locus in satellite cells links inflammation to the epigenetic control of muscle regeneration. 2010, Pubmed
Pasini, The polycomb group protein Suz12 is required for embryonic stem cell differentiation. 2007, Pubmed
Pasini, Suz12 is essential for mouse development and for EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity. 2004, Pubmed
Pauli, Non-coding RNAs as regulators of embryogenesis. 2011, Pubmed
Pedersen, Histone demethylases in development and disease. 2010, Pubmed
Peng, Jarid2/Jumonji coordinates control of PRC2 enzymatic activity and target gene occupancy in pluripotent cells. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pereira, Ezh2, the histone methyltransferase of PRC2, regulates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in the cerebral cortex. 2010, Pubmed
Pietersen, Stem cell regulation by polycomb repressors: postponing commitment. 2008, Pubmed
Pirrotta, Polycomb repression under the skin. 2009, Pubmed
Prezioso, Polycomb proteins in mammalian cell differentiation and plasticity. 2011, Pubmed
Rao, Dynamic patterns of histone lysine methylation in the developing retina. 2010, Pubmed
Rapicavoli, The long noncoding RNA Six3OS acts in trans to regulate retinal development by modulating Six3 activity. 2011, Pubmed
Richie, The Polycomb-group gene eed regulates thymocyte differentiation and suppresses the development of carcinogen-induced T-cell lymphomas. 2002, Pubmed
Richly, Roles of the Polycomb group proteins in stem cells and cancer. 2011, Pubmed
Riising, The polycomb repressive complex 2 is a potential target of SUMO modifications. 2008, Pubmed
Ringrose, Epigenetic regulation of cellular memory by the Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins. 2004, Pubmed
Rinn, Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. 2007, Pubmed
Sawarkar, Interpretation of developmental signaling at chromatin: the Polycomb perspective. 2010, Pubmed
Schmitges, Histone methylation by PRC2 is inhibited by active chromatin marks. 2011, Pubmed
Schwartz, Genome-wide analysis of Polycomb targets in Drosophila melanogaster. 2006, Pubmed
Schwartzentruber, Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma. 2012, Pubmed
Seenundun, UTX mediates demethylation of H3K27me3 at muscle-specific genes during myogenesis. 2010, Pubmed
Sen, Control of differentiation in a self-renewing mammalian tissue by the histone demethylase JMJD3. 2008, Pubmed
Shen, EZH1 mediates methylation on histone H3 lysine 27 and complements EZH2 in maintaining stem cell identity and executing pluripotency. 2008, Pubmed
Shen, Jumonji modulates polycomb activity and self-renewal versus differentiation of stem cells. 2009, Pubmed
Sher, Differentiation of neural stem cells into oligodendrocytes: involvement of the polycomb group protein Ezh2. 2008, Pubmed
Shi, Integration of estrogen and Wnt signaling circuits by the polycomb group protein EZH2 in breast cancer cells. 2007, Pubmed
Simon, Mechanisms of polycomb gene silencing: knowns and unknowns. 2009, Pubmed
Sing, A vertebrate Polycomb response element governs segmentation of the posterior hindbrain. 2009, Pubmed
Singh, Redirecting traffic in the nucleus. 2011, Pubmed
Snowden, Gene-specific targeting of H3K9 methylation is sufficient for initiating repression in vivo. 2002, Pubmed
Sparmann, Polycomb silencers control cell fate, development and cancer. 2006, Pubmed
Spivakov, Epigenetic signatures of stem-cell identity. 2007, Pubmed
Stojic, Chromatin regulated interchange between polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-Ezh2 and PRC2-Ezh1 complexes controls myogenin activation in skeletal muscle cells. 2011, Pubmed
Su, Ezh2 controls B cell development through histone H3 methylation and Igh rearrangement. 2003, Pubmed
Su, Polycomb group protein ezh2 controls actin polymerization and cell signaling. 2005, Pubmed
Surface, Polycomb group proteins set the stage for early lineage commitment. 2010, Pubmed
Testa, The time of timing: how Polycomb proteins regulate neurogenesis. 2011, Pubmed
Turner, Defining an epigenetic code. 2007, Pubmed
Varambally, The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. 2002, Pubmed
Wang, Histone H3K27 methyltransferase Ezh2 represses Wnt genes to facilitate adipogenesis. 2010, Pubmed
Wang, The Msx1 Homeoprotein Recruits Polycomb to the Nuclear Periphery during Development. 2011, Pubmed
Wei, CDK1-dependent phosphorylation of EZH2 suppresses methylation of H3K27 and promotes osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. 2011, Pubmed
Wu, Somatic histone H3 alterations in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas and non-brainstem glioblastomas. 2012, Pubmed
Wyngaarden, Ezh2 regulates anteroposterior axis specification and proximodistal axis elongation in the developing limb. 2011, Pubmed
Yuzyuk, The polycomb complex protein mes-2/E(z) promotes the transition from developmental plasticity to differentiation in C. elegans embryos. 2009, Pubmed
Zeng, Phosphorylation of EZH2 by CDK1 and CDK2: a possible regulatory mechanism of transmission of the H3K27me3 epigenetic mark through cell divisions. 2011, Pubmed