Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
EMBO J
1989 Oct 01;810:2989-3001. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08449.x.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Genetic basis of the antibody repertoire in Xenopus: analysis of the Vh diversity.
Schwager J
,
Bürckert N
,
Courtet M
,
Du Pasquier L
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The Xenopus IgH locus includes various variable (VH) families, several putative diversity (DH) and at least seven joining (JH) elements, but--although structurally very similar to the mammalian locus--it contributes to a restricted antibody repertoire. The largest three VH families contain 15-30 VH elements which are interspersed at the VHI-VHII and VHII-VHIII boundaries. Twenty-nine genomic and eight expressed VH regions have been sequenced. Each VH family has distinct promoter elements with up to three octamers (ATGCCTAAAT) in either orientation. The incidence of pseudogenes ranges from less than 15% in VHI and VHII to approximately 50% in VHIII, consistent with their relative expression. CDR1 and CDR2 show low overall diversity with nucleotide divergence limited to parts of the CDRs. Randomly selectedly VH elements share CDR1 and CDR2, in some cases also with expressed VH regions. Thus, the complexity of VH elements is not maximal. Patterns of sequence similarities or identities indicate recombination or gene conversion events; sets of direct and inverted repeats flank the sites of, or lie within FR or CDR sequences where these genetic events may occur. Restricted antibody diversity in Xenopus seems therefore to be at least partially related to low complexity of VH elements, frequence of pseudogenes and expression regulated by specific promoter elements; diversity may potentially be increased by (non)homologous recombination events.
Akira,
Two pairs of recombination signals are sufficient to cause immunoglobulin V-(D)-J joining.
1987, Pubmed
Akira,
Two pairs of recombination signals are sufficient to cause immunoglobulin V-(D)-J joining.
1987,
Pubmed
Alt,
Development of the primary antibody repertoire.
1987,
Pubmed
Ben-Sasson,
Immunoglobulin differentiation is dictated by repeated recombination sequences within the V region prototype gene: a hypothesis.
1979,
Pubmed
Berek,
Mutation drift and repertoire shift in the maturation of the immune response.
1987,
Pubmed
Berman,
Content and organization of the human Ig VH locus: definition of three new VH families and linkage to the Ig CH locus.
1988,
Pubmed
Brandt,
Antibody diversity in amphibians: evidence for the inheritance of idiotypic specificities in isogenic Xenopus.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Brodeur,
The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (Igh-V) locus in the mouse. I. One hundred Igh-V genes comprise seven families of homologous genes.
1984,
Pubmed
Chen,
Supercoil sequencing: a fast and simple method for sequencing plasmid DNA.
1985,
Pubmed
Currier,
Partial molecular genetic map of the rabbit VH chromosomal region.
1988,
Pubmed
Dale,
A rapid single-stranded cloning strategy for producing a sequential series of overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing: application to sequencing the corn mitochondrial 18 S rDNA.
1985,
Pubmed
Du Pasquier,
Antibody diversity in lower vertebrates--why is it so restricted?
1982,
Pubmed
Du Pasquier,
Antibody diversity in amphibians: inheritance of isoelectric focusing antibody patterns in isogenic frogs.
1978,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Du Pasquier,
The immune system of Xenopus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Eaton,
Multiple DNA sequence elements are necessary for the function of an immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter.
1987,
Pubmed
Falkner,
Correct transcription of an immunoglobulin kappa gene requires an upstream fragment containing conserved sequence elements.
,
Pubmed
Feinberg,
A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity.
1983,
Pubmed
Gillies,
A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene.
1983,
Pubmed
Golding,
Patterns of somatic mutations in immunoglobulin variable genes.
1987,
Pubmed
Hadji-Azimi,
B-lymphocyte differentiation in Xenopus laevis larvae.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hinds,
Major reorganization of immunoglobulin VH segmental elements during vertebrate evolution.
,
Pubmed
Kleinfield,
Recombination between an expressed immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene and a germline variable gene segment in a Ly 1+ B-cell lymphoma.
,
Pubmed
Kodaira,
Organization and evolution of variable region genes of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain.
1986,
Pubmed
Kolchanov,
Peculiarities of immunoglobulin gene structures as a basis for somatic mutation emergence.
1987,
Pubmed
Krawinkel,
Palindromic sequences are associated with sites of DNA breakage during gene conversion.
1986,
Pubmed
Landy,
Viral integration and excision: structure of the lambda att sites.
1977,
Pubmed
Litman,
Complete nucleotide sequences of three VH genes in Caiman, a phylogenetically ancient reptile: evolutionary diversification in coding segments and variation in the structure and organization of recombination elements.
1985,
Pubmed
Mattaj,
An enhancer-like sequence within the Xenopus U2 gene promoter facilitates the formation of stable transcription complexes.
,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Parslow,
Structure of the 5' ends of immunoglobulin genes: a novel conserved sequence.
1984,
Pubmed
Rathbun,
Organization of the murine immunoglobulin VH complex in the inbred strains.
1987,
Pubmed
Reth,
A novel VH to VHDJH joining mechanism in heavy-chain-negative (null) pre-B cells results in heavy-chain production.
,
Pubmed
Reynaud,
A hyperconversion mechanism generates the chicken light chain preimmune repertoire.
1987,
Pubmed
Sanger,
DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.
1977,
Pubmed
Schaffner,
How do different transcription factors binding the same DNA sequence sort out their jobs?
1989,
Pubmed
Schiff,
The Ig germline gene repertoire: economy or wastage?
1988,
Pubmed
Schwager,
Organization and rearrangement of immunoglobulin M genes in the amphibian Xenopus.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schwager,
Amino acid sequence of heavy chain from Xenopus laevis IgM deduced from cDNA sequence: implications for evolution of immunoglobulin domains.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tonegawa,
Somatic generation of antibody diversity.
1983,
Pubmed
Turpen,
Precursor immigration and thymocyte succession during larval development and metamorphosis in Xenopus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wahl,
Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulfate.
1979,
Pubmed
Wirth,
An octamer oligonucleotide upstream of a TATA motif is sufficient for lymphoid-specific promoter activity.
,
Pubmed
