Martin OC et al. (1998), Xgrip109: a gamma tubulin-associated protein wi...

XB-ART-14859

J Cell Biol 1998 May 04;1413:675-87. doi: 10.1083/jcb.141.3.675.

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Xgrip109: a gamma tubulin-associated protein with an essential role in gamma tubulin ring complex (gammaTuRC) assembly and centrosome function.

Martin OC , Gunawardane RN , Iwamatsu A , Zheng Y .

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Previous studies indicate that gamma tubulin ring complex (gammaTuRC) can nucleate microtubule assembly and may be important in centrosome formation. gammaTuRC contains approximately eight subunits, which we refer to as Xenopus gamma ring proteins (Xgrips), in addition to gamma tubulin. We found that one gammaTuRC subunit, Xgrip109, is a highly conserved protein, with homologues present in yeast, rice, flies, zebrafish, mice, and humans. The yeast Xgrip109 homologue, Spc98, is a spindle-pole body component that interacts with gamma tubulin. In vertebrates, Xgrip109 identifies two families of related proteins. Xgrip109 and Spc98 have more homology to one family than the other. We show that Xgrip109 is a centrosomal protein that directly interacts with gamma tubulin. We have developed a complementation assay for centrosome formation using demembranated Xenopus sperm and Xenopus egg extract. Using this assay, we show that Xgrip109 is necessary for the reassembly of salt-disrupted gammaTuRC and for the recruitment of gamma tubulin to the centrosome. Xgrip109, therefore, is essential for the formation of a functional centrosome.

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Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: cat.1 ran tubg1 tubgcp3

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	Figure 1. Xgrip109 is homologous to the yeast Î³-tubulinâinteracting protein Spc98. Sequence comparison of Xgrip109 and Spc98. Vertical lines, identical amino acids; two dots, conserved amino acid changes. The overall amino acid identity shared between the two sequences is â¼21%. The underlined region shares â¼28% amino acid identity. The sequences in Xgrip109 that match the internal peptide are boxed.
	Figure 2. There may be two protein families in vertebrates that share homology with Xgrip109. (A) Sequence comparisons among one group of human (GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number T55505), mouse (accession number AA152700), zebrafish (accession number AA495279) ESTs, and Xgrip109 (from amino acid 512 to 684). These sequences share over 85% amino acid identity. (B) Sequence comparisons among another group of human (accession number R13714) and mouse (accession number AA543491) ESTs, and Xgrip109 (from amino acid 534 to 612). Although the two EST sequences share over 85% amino acid identity with each other, Xgrip109 is only â¼38% identical to the two EST sequences.
	Figure 4. Xgrip109 is localized to centrosomes. (A) Xgrip109 and Î³ tubulin colocalized to the centrosomes in XLK-WG cells. Î³ tubulin, Î³-tubulin localization revealed by fluorescein secondary antibody; Xgrip109, Xgrip109 localization revealed by Cy3 secondary antibody; DAPI, DNA staining with DAPI; Nom, Nomarski images of the cells. (B) Xgrip109 is localized to the in vitroâassembled centrosomes. The in vitroâassembled centrosomes were spun onto glass coverslips and indirect immunofluorescence staining was carried out using antiâÎ³-tubulin and anti-Xgrip109 antibodies (refer to Materials and Methods). Î³ tubulin, Î³ tubulin was localized to the tip of the sperm nucleus; Xgrip109, Xgrip109 was also localized to the tip of the sperm nucleus; DAPI, the two-sperm nuclei that were stained with either antiâÎ³-tubulin antibody (GTU-88) or anti-Xgrip109 antibodies (109-2) were stained with DAPI. The images are a combination of fluorescence and phase images. Arrows, microtubule asters at the tips of the two-sperm nuclei. Bars: (A) 20 Î¼m; (B) 10 Î¼m.
	Figure 5. Xgrip109 interacts directly with Î³ tubulin. (A) Î³TuRC is dissociated in high salt. Clarified Xenopus egg extracts were first precipitated with 30% ammonium sulfate. The pellet (30% Asp) was resuspended in either Hepes 1 M (refer to Materials and Methods) or Hepes 100. The resuspended proteins were fractionated on 5â40% sucrose gradients. The sucrose gradient standards used were bovine serum albumin (4.4S), bovine liver catalase (11.3S), and bovine thyroglobulin (19.4S). The protein standards used (indicated at the bottom of each panel in A) were dissolved in either Hepes 1 M or Hepes 100 and then fractionated under identical conditions. Gradient fractions were collected from the top and each fraction was analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting with XenC and 109-2 antibodies. (B) A fraction of the Î³ tubulin remains associated with Xgrip109 in high salt. Immunoprecipitations with XenC (lanes 1 and 3) or 109-2 antibodies (lanes 2 and 4) were carried out using 30% Asp resuspended in either Hepes 1 M (lanes 1 and 2) or Hepes 100 (lanes 3 and 4). The precipitated proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and then stained by Coomassie blue. The Î³TuRC components (Xgrips) are indicated by their respective molecular masses.
	Figure 6. Xgrip109 is required for the reformation of salt-disrupted Î³TuRC. Clarified Xenopus egg extracts were precipitated with 30% ammonium sulfate. The pellet fraction (30% Asp) was resuspended in either Hepes 100 as control or in Hepes 1 M. Sucrose gradients in AâE are all 5â40%. (A) 30% Asp resuspended in Hepes 1M was immunoprecipitated with random IgG and then analyzed on a sucrose gradient. (B) The same as in A, except that the anti-Xgrip109 antibody, 109-2, was used in the immunoprecipitation. (C) The same as in A, except that after immunoprecipitation, a desalting step was included before the sucrose gradient sedimentation. (D) The same as in B, except that after immunoprecipitation, a desalting step was included before the sucrose gradient sedimentation. (E) Control, 30% Asp resuspended in Hepes 100, desalted, and fractionated on a sucrose gradient. (F) SDS-PAGE separation followed by Coomassie blue staining of proteins that were immunoprecipitated with random IgG (lane 1) and 109-2 IgG (lane 2). (G) The same protein samples in F were analyzed by Western probing with XenC and 109-2. Because samples in A and B contained higher amounts of salt than that of the samples in C, D, and E (refer to Materials and Methods), the sucrose gradient fractions of A and B cannot be compared directly to that of C, D, and E. The molecular weight standards for A and B are indicated at the bottom of A; C, D, and E are indicated at the bottom of E. Standards used are BSA (4.4S), bovine liver catalase (11.3S), and bovine thyroglobulin (19.4S).
	Figure 7. The complementation assay for centrosome formation. (A) Western analysis of the immunodepleted extracts, 30% ammonium supernatant, the pellet was probed with 109-2 and XenC. Lanes 1â4: clarified extract; clarified extract immunodepleted using random IgG; clarified extract immunodepleted using XenC; 30% ammonium sulfate supernatant (there is no detectable Î³ tubulin or Xgrip109), respectively. Lanes 5 and 6: 30% Asp resuspended in Hepes 100 (lane 5) or Hepes 1 M (lane 6), desalted, and then concentrated â¼20-fold. (B) Quantitation of the complementation assays. Red columns, percentage of sperm with centrosomes that nucleated astral microtubules; blue columns, percentage of sperm without any microtubule nucleation from the tip of the sperm; green columns, percentage of sperm with centrosomes that nucleated a few disorganized microtubules; Ran. IgG, depletion with random IgG allowed over 80% of sperm centrioles to assemble into centrosomes; XenC IgG, depletion with XenC IgG completely abolished the centrosome assembly activity in the extract; +ASP.100mM, addition of 30% Asp resuspended in Hepes 100 to the Î³TuRC- depleted extract resulted in over 80% of sperm centrioles to assemble into centrosomes; +ASP.1M, addition of 1 M salt-treated and desalted 30% Asp to the Î³TuRC-depleted extract resulted in over 70% of sperm centrioles to assemble into centrosomes. The error bars were determined from four independent assays in each case. (C) Representative sperm nuclei with or without a microtubule aster from the assays in B are shown. The microtubules were labeled by the addition of a small amount of rhodamine- tubulin in the assays. Xgrip109 was detected using 109-c antibodies and a fluorescein conjugated goat antiârabbit secondary antibody. The sperm DNA was stained by DAPI. Bar, 10 Î¼m.
	Figure 8. Xgrip109 is essential for the formation of a functional centrosome. (A) Western analysis of the immunodepleted extract, 30% Asp, and 30% ammonium sulfate supernatant probed with XenC and 109-2. Lanes 1 and 2: clarified extract immunodepleted with either random IgG (lane 1) or XenC (lane 2). Judging by the absence of Î³ tubulin and Xgrip109, XenC depleted the Î³TuRC (lane 2). Lane 3, 30% ammonium sulfate supernatant that does not contain detectable Î³TuRC as expected. Lane 4, 30% Asp resuspended in Hepes 1 M. Lanes 5 and 6, 30% Asp resuspended in Hepes 1 M and then immunodepleted using either random IgG (lane 5) or 109-2 (lane 6). Lanes 7 and 8 are the same as lanes 5 and 6, respectively, except that the proteins were desalted into Hepes 100, and concentrated â¼20-fold. Lanes 5â8 show that immunodepletion of Xgrip109 in 1 M KCl removed only a fraction of Î³ tubulin (compare Î³-tubulin signals in lanes 5 and 6), whereas Xgrip109 is completely depleted. (B) Quantitation of the complementation assay. Red columns, percentages of sperm with microtubule asters nucleated from the assembled centrosomes; blue columns, percentages of sperm without microtubule asters; white columns, percentages of sperm with assembled centrosomes that nucleated only a few disorganized microtubules; Ran. IgG, centrosome formation assays carried out with clarified extracts that were immunodepleted with random IgG. Over 80% of the sperm centrioles assembled into centrosomes. XenC. IgG, centrosome formation assays carried out with clarified extracts that were immunodepleted of Î³TuRC using XenC IgG. The centrosome assembly activity was abolished. +Asp Ran. IgG, 30% Asp that was resuspended in Hepes 1 M and immunodepleted with random IgG complemented the Î³TuRC-depleted extract to assemble centrosomes. +Asp Xgrip109, 30% Asp that was resuspended in Hepes 1M and immunodepleted of Xgrip109 did not complement the Î³TuRC-depleted extract to assemble centrosomes. (C) Representative sperm nuclei with or without a microtubule aster from the assays in B are shown. The microtubules were labeled by the addition of a small amount of rhodamine-tubulin in the assays. Î³ Tubulin was detected using an antiâÎ³-tubulin monoclonal antibody GTU-88 (Sigma Chemical Co.) and a fluorescein-conjugated goat antiâmouse secondary antibody. Î³ Tubulin is not recruited to the centrosome in the absence of Xgrip109. The sperm DNA was stained by DAPI. Bar, 10 Î¼m.
	Figure 9. Recruitment models. (A) Direct recruitment model. Î³TuRC directly binds to a hypothetical recruitment factor(s) and assembles to the centrosome to act as a microtubule nucleator. (B) Subunit recruitment model. Î³TuRC is first disassembled to subunits. Only some subunits are recruited to the centrosome by the recruitment factor.

References [+] :

Belmont, Identification of a protein that interacts with tubulin dimers and increases the catastrophe rate of microtubules. 1996, Pubmed, Xenbase