Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
EMBO J
2004 Dec 08;2324:4717-26. doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600484.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Molecular mechanism of voltage sensor movements in a potassium channel.
Elliott DJ
,
Neale EJ
,
Aziz Q
,
Dunham JP
,
Munsey TS
,
Hunter M
,
Sivaprasadarao A
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Voltage-gated potassium channels are six-transmembrane (S1-S6) proteins that form a central pore domain (4 x S5-S6) surrounded by four voltage sensor domains (S1-S4), which detect changes in membrane voltage and control pore opening. Upon depolarization, the S4 segments move outward carrying charged residues across the membrane field, thereby leading to the opening of the pore. The mechanism of S4 motion is controversial. We have investigated how S4 moves relative to the pore domain in the prototypical Shaker potassium channel. We introduced pairs of cysteines, one in S4 and the other in S5, and examined proximity changes between each pair of cysteines during activation, using Cd2+ and copper-phenanthroline, which crosslink the cysteines with metal and disulphide bridges, respectively. Modelling of the results suggests a novel mechanism: in the resting state, the top of the S3b-S4 voltage sensor paddle lies close to the top of S5 of the adjacent subunit, but moves towards the top of S5 of its own subunit during depolarization--this motion is accompanied by a reorientation of S4 charges to the extracellular phase.
Aggarwal,
Contribution of the S4 segment to gating charge in the Shaker K+ channel.
1996, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Aggarwal,
Contribution of the S4 segment to gating charge in the Shaker K+ channel.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ahern,
Specificity of charge-carrying residues in the voltage sensor of potassium channels.
2004,
Pubmed
Ahern,
Stirring up controversy with a voltage sensor paddle.
2004,
Pubmed
Aziz,
Depolarization induces intersubunit cross-linking in a S4 cysteine mutant of the Shaker potassium channel.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Baker,
Three transmembrane conformations and sequence-dependent displacement of the S4 domain in shaker K+ channel gating.
1998,
Pubmed
Bell,
Changes in local S4 environment provide a voltage-sensing mechanism for mammalian hyperpolarization-activated HCN channels.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bezanilla,
The voltage sensor in voltage-dependent ion channels.
2000,
Pubmed
Blaustein,
Ion channels: shake, rattle or roll?
2004,
Pubmed
Blaustein,
Tethered blockers as molecular 'tape measures' for a voltage-gated K+ channel.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Broomand,
Molecular movement of the voltage sensor in a K channel.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Careaga,
Structure and dynamics of Escherichia coli chemosensory receptors. Engineered sulfhydryl studies.
1992,
Pubmed
Cha,
Atomic scale movement of the voltage-sensing region in a potassium channel measured via spectroscopy.
1999,
Pubmed
Cohen,
Answers and questions from the KvAP structures.
2003,
Pubmed
Doyle,
The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity.
1998,
Pubmed
Durell,
Structural models of the transmembrane region of voltage-gated and other K+ channels in open, closed, and inactivated conformations.
1998,
Pubmed
Gandhi,
The orientation and molecular movement of a k(+) channel voltage-sensing domain.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Glauner,
Spectroscopic mapping of voltage sensor movement in the Shaker potassium channel.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gonzalez,
Periodic perturbations in Shaker K+ channel gating kinetics by deletions in the S3-S4 linker.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Horn,
How S4 segments move charge. Let me count the ways.
2004,
Pubmed
Horn,
A new twist in the saga of charge movement in voltage-dependent ion channels.
2000,
Pubmed
Hoshi,
Biophysical and molecular mechanisms of Shaker potassium channel inactivation.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Jiang,
Electron microscopic analysis of KvAP voltage-dependent K+ channels in an open conformation.
2004,
Pubmed
Jiang,
X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel.
2003,
Pubmed
Jiang,
The principle of gating charge movement in a voltage-dependent K+ channel.
2003,
Pubmed
Jiang,
The open pore conformation of potassium channels.
2002,
Pubmed
Lainé,
Atomic proximity between S4 segment and pore domain in Shaker potassium channels.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Larsson,
Transmembrane movement of the shaker K+ channel S4.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ledwell,
Mutations in the S4 region isolate the final voltage-dependent cooperative step in potassium channel activation.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Li-Smerin,
alpha-helical structural elements within the voltage-sensing domains of a K(+) channel.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Li-Smerin,
Helical structure of the COOH terminus of S3 and its contribution to the gating modifier toxin receptor in voltage-gated ion channels.
2001,
Pubmed
Li-Smerin,
A localized interaction surface for voltage-sensing domains on the pore domain of a K+ channel.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Liu,
Dynamic rearrangement of the outer mouth of a K+ channel during gating.
1996,
Pubmed
Mannuzzu,
Independence and cooperativity in rearrangements of a potassium channel voltage sensor revealed by single subunit fluorescence.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Neale,
Evidence for intersubunit interactions between S4 and S5 transmembrane segments of the Shaker potassium channel.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schoppa,
The size of gating charge in wild-type and mutant Shaker potassium channels.
1992,
Pubmed
Schwede,
SWISS-MODEL: An automated protein homology-modeling server.
2003,
Pubmed
Seoh,
Voltage-sensing residues in the S2 and S4 segments of the Shaker K+ channel.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sigworth,
Voltage gating of ion channels.
1994,
Pubmed
Starace,
Voltage-dependent proton transport by the voltage sensor of the Shaker K+ channel.
1997,
Pubmed
Starace,
A proton pore in a potassium channel voltage sensor reveals a focused electric field.
2004,
Pubmed
Tiwari-Woodruff,
Electrostatic interactions between transmembrane segments mediate folding of Shaker K+ channel subunits.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tiwari-Woodruff,
Voltage-dependent structural interactions in the Shaker K(+) channel.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wang,
Effect of cysteine substitutions on the topology of the S4 segment of the Shaker potassium channel: implications for molecular models of gating.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Yang,
Evidence for voltage-dependent S4 movement in sodium channels.
1995,
Pubmed
Yellen,
The voltage-gated potassium channels and their relatives.
2002,
Pubmed
Yusaf,
Measurement of the movement of the S4 segment during the activation of a voltage-gated potassium channel.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
