XB-ART-49495
Int J Mol Sci
2014 Oct 15;1510:18659-76. doi: 10.3390/ijms151018659.
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Calcium signaling and meiotic exit at fertilization in Xenopus egg.
Tokmakov AA
,
Stefanov VE
,
Iwasaki T
,
Sato K
,
Fukami Y
.
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Calcium is a universal messenger that mediates egg activation at fertilization in all sexually reproducing species studied. However, signaling pathways leading to calcium generation and the mechanisms of calcium-induced exit from meiotic arrest vary substantially among species. Here, we review the pathways of calcium signaling and the mechanisms of meiotic exit at fertilization in the eggs of the established developmental model, African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We also discuss calcium involvement in the early fertilization-induced events in Xenopus egg, such as membrane depolarization, the increase in intracellular pH, cortical granule exocytosis, cortical contraction, contraction wave, cortical rotation, reformation of the nuclear envelope, sperm chromatin decondensation and sister chromatid segregation.
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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: arpp19 bub1 cdc20 cdc25c cdk1 fbxo43 mastl mink1 mos myt1 plk1 ptpa stk10 wee1
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Figure 1. Signaling pathways in metaphase-arrested and fertilized Xenopus eggs. Molecular components of the signaling pathways operating in mature metaphase-arrested eggs and the factors involved in fertilization-induced exit from meiotic metaphase arrest are shown connected by green and red arrows, respectively. Detailed explanations are provided in the text (see Section 2 and Section 4). |
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Figure 2. Fertilization-induced cascade of intracellular calcium release in Xenopus eggs. Major established constituents, crucial accessory factors and unknown putative components of the cascade are shown in pink, green and blue, correspondingly. Detailed explanations are provided in the text (see Section 3). |
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