Peunova N et al. (2001), Nitric oxide is an essential negative regulator...

XB-ART-8126

J Neurosci 2001 Nov 15;2122:8809-18.

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Nitric oxide is an essential negative regulator of cell proliferation in Xenopus brain.

Peunova N , Scheinker V , Cline H , Enikolopov G .

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Mechanisms controlling the transition of a neural precursor cell from proliferation to differentiation during brain development determine the distinct anatomical features of the brain. Nitric oxide (NO) may mediate such a transition, because it can suppress DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. We cloned the gene encoding the neuronal isoform of Xenopus NO synthase (XNOS) and found that in the developing brain of Xenopus tadpoles, a zone of XNOS-expressing cells lies adjacent to the zone of dividing neuronal precursors. Exogenous NO, supplied to the tadpole brain in vivo, decreased the number of proliferating cells and the total number of cells in the optic tectum. Conversely, inhibition of NOS activity in vivo increased the number of proliferating cells and the total number of cells in the optic tectum. NOS inhibition yielded larger brains with grossly perturbed organization. Our results indicate that NO is an essential negative regulator of neuronal precursor proliferation during vertebrate brain development.

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Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: isl1 ncam1 nos1 ret tubb2b

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	Fig. 1. Structure and expression of XNOS.a, Structure of XNOS cDNA. cDNA (6.5 kb) was cloned from a stage 42 Xenopus cDNA library. It corresponds to a protein of 1419 aa, which has all of the regions of neuronal NOS isoforms conserved between mammals and Drosophila.FAD, Flavin-adenine dinucleotide; FMN, flavin mononucleotide. b, Expression of XNOS. Western blots of protein extracts were probed using a rat nNOS- and XNOS-specific polyclonal antibody. Each lane was loaded with 25 Î¼g of protein isolated from 293 cells transfected with rat nNOS cDNA (first lane), 293 cells transfected with XNOS cDNA (second lane), and adultXenopus frog brain (third lane). The blot was treated with R20 polyclonal antibody raised against a 20 aa peptide, which is identical in both rat nNOS (positions 1400â€“1419) andXenopus XNOS (positions 1390â€“1409). c, Enzymatic activity of recombinant XNOS. 293 cells were transfected with XNOS cDNA, and the NOS activity in the cell extract was measured using the arginine-to-citrulline conversion assay in the presence or absence of various cofactors and inhibitors. d, In situ hybridization of XNOS RNA probe in whole-mount stage 47 tadpole brain and eyes. ret, Retina;telen, telencephalon; tectum, optic tectum; mb, midbrain; hb, hindbrain;R, rostral; C, caudal. e, Whole-mount NADPH-diaphorase staining of the tadpole brain at stage 46. The region depicted corresponds to the central left portion of d. Light stainingillustrates NADPH-diaphorase-positive cell bodies in the caudal optic tectum. Note that their position is similar to that of XNOS-positive cells in d. The cluster at thebottom corresponds to the XNOS-positive cells of the hindbrain in d. The dotted line marks the optic tectum; M, midline. Scale bars: d, 100 Î¼m; e, 25 Î¼m.
	Fig. 2. Complementary patterns of NOS expression and BrdU incorporation in the developing Xenopus brain. Whole-mount brains from stage 43 (aâ€“c, g) and 47 (dâ€“f, h) tadpoles are shown labeled for BrdU (a, d, g, h) after 2 hr of survival and by in situ hybridization for XNOS (b, c, eâ€“h). Dorsal views of brains (a, b, d, e) from different animals are aligned to show the relative position of BrdU- and XNOS-positive cells in brains of comparable stages. XNOS-positive cells are located in the telencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain, neighboring but not overlapping sites of BrdU incorporation. Sagittal views of whole-mount brains (c, f) show the dorsoventral distribution of XNOS-positive cells. Two clusters of XNOS-positive cells are located in the caudal midbrain. One cluster lies in the caudal optic tectum on the roof of the midbrain near the tectal proliferative zone, and a second cluster is in the ventral midbrain. Whole-mount preparations, viewed sagitally (g, h), and horizontal sections (iâ€“k) of the optic tectum were double-labeled for BrdU and XNOS expression by in situ hybridization. The dorsal cluster of XNOS-positive cells in the optic tectum (gâ€“k, black arrows) lies adjacent to BrdU-positive cells in the proliferative zone (gâ€“k, white arrows) at stages 43 and 47. The optic tectum is located on the dorsal aspect of the caudal midbrain, as shown in c and f.telen, Telencephalon; mb, midbrain;hb, hindbrain; R, rostral;C, caudal; D, dorsal; V, ventral. In iâ€“k, rostral is at the top. Scale bar, 50 Î¼m.
	Fig. 3. Increased levels of NO decrease cell proliferation in the developing brain. Animals were treated for 1 or 3 d with saline solution (Control) or NO donor SNAP. Sequential horizontal brain sections were stained with DAPI to stain nuclei (aâ€“d), with BrdU antibodies to label proliferating cells (eâ€“h), and with TUNEL to label apoptotic cells (iâ€“l). Rostral (R) is at the top;C, caudal. The brain regions telencephalon (telen), midbrain, and optic tectum are marked on theleft; marking applies to all images. One day of exposure to the NO donor SNAP decreases BrdU incorporation in proliferative zones throughout the brain without causing any apparent change in apoptosis. By 3 d, BrdU incorporation into experimental and control brains appears comparable likely because of hydrolysis of SNAP. The histograms on the right depict quantitative changes induced by SNAP, which are presented in more detail in Table 1. **p < 0.01. Scale bar, 50 Î¼m.
	Fig. 4. NOS inhibitors increase cell proliferation in the optic tectum. Animals were treated with Elvax impregnated with the NOS inhibitor L-NAME or saline as a control. Three days later, dividing cells were labeled by BrdU incorporation for 2 hr. The distribution of BrdU-labeled cells is shown for two pairs of animals as whole-mount images of the optic tectum photographed by fluorescent microscopy (a, b) or as a projection of confocal optical sections through the tectum (c, d). L-NAME increases the number of cells labeled by BrdU incorporation and causes an expansion of BrdU-labeled cells outside on the normal proliferative zone. Dotted lines mark the midbrain. Rostral (R) is at the top;C, caudal. Scale bar, 50 Î¼m.
	Fig. 5. Inhibition of NOS increases cell number and distorts lamination in the developing brain. Compared with brains of control animals treated with saline (a), DAPI staining of horizontal sections through the optic tectum reveals a larger number of nuclei in the cell body layer and disruption of the cellular distribution in the brains of animals treated with ETU (b) orL-NAME (c, d). In some cases, such as the example shown in b, clusters of extra cells formed ectopic islands (arrowhead) within the tectal neuropil, which normally contains densely packed processes. In the majority of cases, ectopic cells occupied the lateral tectum and filled the tectal neuropil (c, d). Tectal neuropil (np) and cell body layer are labeled in the control image (a). Rostral (R) is at thetop; C, caudal. Scale bar, 50 Î¼m.
	Fig. 6. NOS inhibition does not increase apoptosis. Animals treated for 3 d with saline solution (a, c, e) or the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (b, d, f) were injected with BrdU. Two hours later, the animals were killed, and alternating horizontal brain sections were stained with DAPI to stain nuclei (a, b), with BrdU antibodies to label proliferating cells (c, d), and with TUNEL to label apoptotic cells (e, f). Although inhibition of NOS activity significantly increased the number of BrdU-incorporating cells and the total number of cells in the midbrain, TUNEL-positive cells were not changed. Note that single horizontal sections only show a fraction of the BrdU-positive cells seen in whole-mount sections (Fig. 4). The histograms on theright depict quantitative changes induced by NOS inhibitors, which are presented in more detail in Table 2.np, Neuropil; R, rostral;C, caudal. p < 0.05; *p < 0.01. Scale bar, 50 Î¼m.
	Fig. 7. Selective effect of NOS inhibition on neuronal differentiation. aâ€“d, Horizontal brain sections of animals treated with saline (Control) andL-NAME for 7 d were immunostained with antibodies to pan-neuronal markers N-tubulin (a, b) and N-CAM (c, d). Excess cells generated as a result of NOS inhibition differentiate and express neuronal markers. Note the gross disorganization of the optic tectum in animals treated with the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. e, f, Coronal brain sections through the brains of animals treated with saline (Control) or L-NAME in Elvax were immunostained with antibodies to Islet-1. Islet 1-positive neurons differentiated before L-NAME treatment was started. Although the overall sizes of the brains of L-NAME-treated animals were larger, and they contained more cells, the pattern and number of the early differentiating Islet-1-positive neurons were not affected by L-NAME treatment, as shown in the representative sections. Rostral (R) is at thetop in aâ€“d; C, caudal; dorsal (D) is at the top ine, f; V, ventral. Scale bar, 50 Î¼m.

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Babaei, Role of nitric oxide in the angiogenic response in vitro to basic fibroblast growth factor. 1998, Pubmed