Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Orientation-dependent transcriptional activator upstream of a human U2 snRNA gene.
Ares M
,
Mangin M
,
Weiner AM
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
We examined the structure of the promoter for the human U2 snRNA gene, a strong RNA polymerase II transcription unit without an obvious TATA box. A set of 5' deletions was constructed and assayed for the ability to direct initiation of U2 snRNA after microinjection into Xenopus oocytes. Sequences between positions -295 and -218 contain an activator element which stimulates accurate initiation by 20- to 50-fold, although as few as 62 base pairs of 5' flanking sequence are sufficient to direct the accurate initiation of U2 RNA. When the activator was recloned in the proper orientation at either of two different upstream locations, the use of the normal U2 start site was stimulated. Inversion of the element destroyed the stimulation of accurate U2 initiation, but initiation at aberrant upstream start sites was enhanced by the element in both orientations. A 4-base-pair deletion that destroyed the activity of the element lies within a sequence (region III) which is highly conserved among U2 genes from different organisms. Mutations in the activator also affected the ability of the U2 template to compete with a wild-type U1 gene in coinjection experiments. We propose that the element enhances the efficiency of transcription in part by facilitating the association of a limiting factor with transcription complexes. Human U1 snRNA genes possess a region homologous to U2 region III, and we suggest that upstream activator elements may be a general feature of snRNA promoters.
Eliceiri,
Small RNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of HeLa cells.
1976, Pubmed
Eliceiri,
Small RNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of HeLa cells.
1976,
Pubmed
Everett,
The repeated GC-rich motifs upstream from the TATA box are important elements of the SV40 early promoter.
1983,
Pubmed
Forbes,
Differential expression of multiple U1 small nuclear RNAs in oocytes and embryos of Xenopus laevis.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gargiulo,
Assembly of transcriptionally active chromatin in Xenopus oocytes requires specific DNA binding factors.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gillies,
A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene.
1983,
Pubmed
Grummt,
Ribosomal RNA transcription in vitro is species specific.
1982,
Pubmed
Jensen,
Synthesis of low molecular weight RNA components A, C and D by polymerase II in alpha-amanitin-resistant hamster cells.
1979,
Pubmed
Joyce,
Construction of a plasmid that overproduces the large proteolytic fragment (Klenow fragment) of DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli.
1983,
Pubmed
Learned,
In vitro transcription of human ribosomal RNA genes by RNA polymerase I.
1982,
Pubmed
Lerner,
Snurps and scyrps.
1981,
Pubmed
Lindgren,
Human genes for U2 small nuclear RNA map to a major adenovirus 12 modification site on chromosome 17.
,
Pubmed
Lund,
True genes for human U1 small nuclear RNA. Copy number, polymorphism, and methylation.
1984,
Pubmed
Lund,
U1 small nuclear RNA genes are located on human chromosome 1 and are expressed in mouse-human hybrid cells.
1983,
Pubmed
Lund,
The two embryonic U1 small nuclear RNAs of Xenopus laevis are encoded by a major family of tandemly repeated genes.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Manser,
Human U1 loci: genes for human U1 RNA have dramatically similar genomic environments.
1982,
Pubmed
Marzluff,
Isolation and characterization of two linked mouse U1b small nuclear RNA genes.
1983,
Pubmed
Mattaj,
Xenopus laevis U2 snRNA genes: tandemly repeated transcription units sharing 5' and 3' flanking homology with other RNA polymerase II transcribed genes.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
McKnight,
The distal transcription signals of the herpesvirus tk gene share a common hexanucleotide control sequence.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Messing,
A system for shotgun DNA sequencing.
1981,
Pubmed
Miesfeld,
Species-specific rDNA transcription is due to promoter-specific binding factors.
1984,
Pubmed
Mimori,
Autoantibodies to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein in a patient with scleroderma-polymyositis overlap syndrome.
1984,
Pubmed
Mishima,
Fractionation and reconstitution of factors required for accurate transcription of mammalian ribosomal RNA genes: identification of a species-dependent initiation factor.
1982,
Pubmed
Murphy,
Transcription of a gene for human U1 small nuclear RNA.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Naylor,
Localization of human U1 small nuclear RNA genes to band p36.3 of chromosome 1 by in situ hybridization.
1984,
Pubmed
Nojima,
Genes and pseudogenes for mouse U1 and U2 small nuclear RNAs.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Nordheim,
Negatively supercoiled simian virus 40 DNA contains Z-DNA segments within transcriptional enhancer sequences.
,
Pubmed
Queen,
Computer analysis of nucleic acids and proteins.
1980,
Pubmed
Reeder,
Spacer regulation of Xenopus ribosomal gene transcription: competition in oocytes.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sakonju,
A control region in the center of the 5S RNA gene directs specific initiation of transcription: I. The 5' border of the region.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sanger,
DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.
1977,
Pubmed
Sarver,
Transformation and replication in mouse cells of a bovine papillomavirus--pML2 plasmid vector that can be rescued in bacteria.
1982,
Pubmed
Skuzeski,
Synthesis of human U1 RNA. II. Identification of two regions of the promoter essential for transcription initiation at position +1.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Spandidos,
Host-specificities of papillomavirus, Moloney murine sarcoma virus and simian virus 40 enhancer sequences.
1983,
Pubmed
Tani,
Molecular cloning and characterization of a gene for rat U2 small nuclear RNA.
1983,
Pubmed
Van Arsdell,
Human genes for U2 small nuclear RNA are tandemly repeated.
1984,
Pubmed
Vieira,
The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers.
1982,
Pubmed
Watanabe-Nagasu,
Structural analysis of gene loci for rat U1 small nuclear RNA.
1983,
Pubmed
Weiher,
Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer.
1983,
Pubmed
Weinberg,
Small molecular weight monodisperse nuclear RNA.
1968,
Pubmed
Westin,
Clustered genes for human U2 RNA.
1984,
Pubmed
Westin,
Human U2 and U1 RNA genes use similar transcription signals.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zeller,
Xenopus laevis U1 snRNA genes: characterisation of transcriptionally active genes reveals major and minor repeated gene families.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zieve,
Small RNA species of the HeLa cell: metabolism and subcellular localization.
1976,
Pubmed
