Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Studies of the transcriptome have shown that a substantial fraction of interspecific differences in gene expression is the result of sex-biased gene expression. These results suggest that sex-dependent selection may be an important force in generating differences between species but to date all studies have focused on Drosophila. We examined a sample of the transcriptome in the gonads of two species of Xenopus to provide an additional test of how sex-biased gene expression may contribute to differences in gene expression between species. In contrast to Drosophila, Xenopus provides an example of a ZW system with morphologically indistinguishable sex chromosomes. About 81% of the transcriptome was differentially expressed between X. laevis and X. muelleri and there were more genes that were male-biased compared to the number of genes that were female-biased or non-sex-biased. While there were more genes up-regulated in males of Xenopus, the largest magnitude difference in expression between species occurred in female-biased genes, and male-biased genes were proportionally more abundant for the smallest changes in expression between species. Our results suggest that more genes have a role in the function of the testis compared to the ovary and female-biased genes play a principle role in expression divergence between species. These results differ from those in the Drosophila XY system in that more female-biased genes had >4-fold difference of expression between species than male-biased genes, suggesting that ZW sex chromosomes may facilitate enhanced gene expression divergence between species.
Bolstad,
A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias.
2003, Pubmed
Bolstad,
A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias.
2003,
Pubmed
Breitling,
Vector analysis as a fast and easy method to compare gene expression responses between different experimental backgrounds.
2005,
Pubmed
Civetta,
High divergence of reproductive tract proteins and their association with postzygotic reproductive isolation in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis group species.
1995,
Pubmed
Connallon,
Intergenomic conflict revealed by patterns of sex-biased gene expression.
2005,
Pubmed
Evans,
Evolution of RAG-1 in polyploid clawed frogs.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Evans,
A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of African clawed frogs: phylogeography and implications for polyploid evolution.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gilad,
Multi-species microarrays reveal the effect of sequence divergence on gene expression profiles.
2005,
Pubmed
Hahn,
Female-biased gene expression in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
2005,
Pubmed
Hayes,
Sex determination and primary sex differentiation in amphibians: genetic and developmental mechanisms.
1998,
Pubmed
Hoffmann,
Profound effect of normalization on detection of differentially expressed genes in oligonucleotide microarray data analysis.
2002,
Pubmed
Jain,
Local-pooled-error test for identifying differentially expressed genes with a small number of replicated microarrays.
2003,
Pubmed
Jiang,
Genome-wide analysis of developmental and sex-regulated gene expression profiles in Caenorhabditis elegans.
2001,
Pubmed
Jin,
The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila melanogaster.
2001,
Pubmed
Jordan,
Evolutionary significance of gene expression divergence.
2005,
Pubmed
Khaitovich,
A neutral model of transcriptome evolution.
2004,
Pubmed
Khil,
The mouse X chromosome is enriched for sex-biased genes not subject to selection by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation.
2004,
Pubmed
Kleene,
Sexual selection, genetic conflict, selfish genes, and the atypical patterns of gene expression in spermatogenic cells.
2005,
Pubmed
Lercher,
Evidence that the human X chromosome is enriched for male-specific but not female-specific genes.
2003,
Pubmed
Li,
Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: expression index computation and outlier detection.
2001,
Pubmed
Marinotti,
Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in adult Anopheles gambiae.
2006,
Pubmed
Meiklejohn,
Rapid evolution of male-biased gene expression in Drosophila.
2003,
Pubmed
Michalak,
Genome-wide patterns of expression in Drosophila pure species and hybrid males.
2003,
Pubmed
Mikamo,
Masculinization and breeding of the WW Xenopus.
1964,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
MIKAMO,
FUNCTIONAL SEX-REVERSAL IN GENETIC FEMALES OF XENOPUS LAEVIS, INDUCED BY IMPLANTED TESTES.
1963,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Nishida,
Sexually dimorphic gene expression in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and cortex.
2005,
Pubmed
Nuzhdin,
Common pattern of evolution of gene expression level and protein sequence in Drosophila.
2004,
Pubmed
Parisi,
Paucity of genes on the Drosophila X chromosome showing male-biased expression.
2003,
Pubmed
Parisi,
A survey of ovary-, testis-, and soma-biased gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster adults.
2004,
Pubmed
Ranz,
Sex-dependent gene expression and evolution of the Drosophila transcriptome.
2003,
Pubmed
Reinke,
A global profile of germline gene expression in C. elegans.
2000,
Pubmed
Rice,
SEX CHROMOSOMES AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.
1984,
Pubmed
Rifkin,
Evolution of gene expression in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup.
2003,
Pubmed
Rinn,
Major molecular differences between mammalian sexes are involved in drug metabolism and renal function.
2004,
Pubmed
Saifi,
An apparent excess of sex- and reproduction-related genes on the human X chromosome.
1999,
Pubmed
Schmid,
Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XVI. High-resolution replication banding patterns in Xenopus laevis.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Swanson,
The rapid evolution of reproductive proteins.
2002,
Pubmed
Swanson,
Evolutionary EST analysis identifies rapidly evolving male reproductive proteins in Drosophila.
2001,
Pubmed
Tymowska,
Karyotype analysis of Xenopus muelleri (Peters) and Xenopus laevis (Daudin), Pipidae.
1972,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wang,
An abundance of X-linked genes expressed in spermatogonia.
2001,
Pubmed
Wu,
Evolution of postmating reproductive isolation: the composite nature of Haldane's rule and its genetic bases.
1993,
Pubmed
Wu,
Sexual antagonism and X inactivation--the SAXI hypothesis.
2003,
Pubmed
Wu,
Haldane's rule and its legacy: Why are there so many sterile males?
1996,
Pubmed
Wyckoff,
Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man.
2000,
Pubmed
Zhang,
Positive correlation between evolutionary rate and recombination rate in Drosophila genes with male-biased expression.
2005,
Pubmed
Zhang,
Molecular evolution of sex-biased genes in Drosophila.
2004,
Pubmed
