Vleminckx K et al. (1997), Adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor pro...

XB-ART-17014

J Cell Biol 1997 Jan 27;1362:411-20. doi: 10.1083/jcb.136.2.411.

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Adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein has signaling activity in Xenopus laevis embryos resulting in the induction of an ectopic dorsoanterior axis.

Wong E , Guger K , Rubinfeld B , Polakis P , Gumbiner BM .

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Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene are linked to both familial and sporadic human colon cancer. So far, a clear biological function for the APC gene product has not been determined. We assayed the activity of APC in the early Xenopus embryo, which has been established as a good model for the analysis of the signaling activity of the APC-associated protein beta-catenin. When expressed in the future ventral side of a four-cell embryo, full-length APC induced a secondary dorsoanterior axis and the induction of the homeobox gene Siamois. This is similar to the phenotype previously observed for ectopic beta-catenin expression. In fact, axis induction by APC required the availability of cytosolic beta-catenin. These results indicate that APC has signaling activity in the early Xenopus embryo. Signaling activity resides in the central domain of the protein, a part of the molecule that is missing in most of the truncating APC mutations in colon cancer. Signaling by APC in Xenopus embryos is not accompanied by detectable changes in expression levels of beta-catenin, indicating that it has direct positive signaling activity in addition to its role in beta-catenin turnover. From these results we propose a model in which APC acts as part of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, either upstream of, or in conjunction with, beta-catenin.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: apc ctnnb1 myc sia1

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	Figure 2. Comparison of Xenopus and human APC sequences. Linear representation of the amino acid sequence similarities between human and Xenopus APC. Numbers indicate the similarity of the sequences that were aligned by the Clustal method (PAM matrix 250, MegAlign; DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, WI). The described structural domains including the oligomerization domain (oligom.), armadillo repeats (arm. repeats), 15-aa repeats, 20-aa repeats, basic domain, and Dlg binding site are shown. Numbers beneath the sequences indicate the sequence similarity of the whole protein, or of the NH2-terminal 1,000 amino acids, the middle 1,000 amino acids, and the COOH-terminal 850 amino acids, respectively. The Xenopus APC sequence data are available from EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ under accession number U64442.
	Figure 3. Full-length Xenopus APC or fragments containing the central domain induce an ectopic dorsoanterior axis. (A) Linear representation of the full-length Xenopus APC (xAPC FL) and the various fragments used (xAPC 1, 4, and 5). The amino acid positions of each fragment are indicated by the flanking numbers. The motifs, identified in the human APC and conserved in the Xenopus APC cDNA, are shown on top, including the oligomerization domain (oligom.), armadillo repeats (arm. repeats), 15- and 20-aa repeats, basic domain, and Dlg binding site. (B) Expression levels of APC fragments resulting from the injection of mRNA of XAPC 1, XAPC 4, and XAPC FL, respectively. Expression was detected by immunoblotting using the antiâmyc tag mAb. (C) Bar graph summarizing the frequency of axis induction by the different Xenopus APC fragments, expressed from injected synthetic mRNA in four-cell stage embryos. Secondary axis formation is plotted as a percentage, and the total number of embryos analyzed is indicated to the right of each bar (n).
	Figure 4. Human APC fragments induce an ectopic dorsoanterior axis in early Xenopus embryos. (A) Linear representation of the fulllength human APC (hAPC FL) and the various fragments used (hAPC 2, 3, 21, 22, and 25). The amino acid positions of each fragment are indicated by the flanking numbers. Several known motifs are shown on top, including the oligomerization domain (oligom.), armadillo repeats (arm. repeats), the 15- and 20-aa repeats (both known to bind Î²-catenin), basic domain, and Dlg binding site. (B) Bar graph summarizing the frequency of axis induction by the different APC fragments, either injected as recombinant protein (upper) or expressed from synthetic mRNA (lower) in four-cell stage embryos. Secondary axis formation is plotted as a percentage, and the total number of embryos (n) analyzed is indicated to the right of each bar. (C) Micrographs showing the double axis phenotype in embryos injected with recombinant hAPC 2 protein. Embryos are shown at stage 14 (neurula stage), where the forming neural tubes are visible as darkly pigmented lines, and at the tadpole stage, showing embryos with two complete heads, including two eye pairs. (D) Expression levels of APC fragments resulting from the injection of mRNA for hAPC 25, hAPC 21, and hAPC FL, respectively. APC fragments were detected by immunoblots using the antiâ€“myc tag mAb.
	Figure 5. APC induces the expression of the Hox gene, Siamois. (A) Siamois expression is induced only by APC fragments with axis-inducing activity. RNA was extracted from animal caps injected with synthetic RNA encoding either Xenopus fulllength APC (XAPC FL) or the NH2-terminal third of the APC cDNA (XAPC 1) and analyzed for Siamois expression by RT-PCR. The ubiquitously expressed elongation factor 1 (EF-1) was also included as a loading control. As a positive control, RTPCR reactions from whole embryos were loaded. To rule out the possible contamination of genomic DNA, a sample that was not treated with reverse transcriptase was included (âRT). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the expression of Siamois in animal caps injected with increasing amounts of synthetic RNA encoding human hAPC 25 mRNA. Whole embryo and uninjected animal caps were loaded as positive and negative controls, respectively.
	Figure 6. The induction of an ectopic dorsal axis by APC requires free cytosolic Î²-catenin. APC signaling is inhibited by coinjected C-cadherin, which sequesters Î²-catenin at the membrane. Bar graph summarizing the frequency of axis induction of embryos injected at the four-cell stage at their ventral site with 4 ng of hAPC 25 and XAPC FL mRNA, injected either alone or in combination with 2 ng of C-cadherin mRNA.
	Figure 7. Overexpression of APC in Xenopus does not cause major changes in levels of Î²-catenin. (A) Levels of endogenous Î²-catenin in animal caps that were isolated from embryos injected four times in their animal pole with either hAPC 25 or XAPC FL. Î²-Catenin expression was detected by immunoblotting. For a loading control, samples were blotted for C-cadherin. (B) Expression levels of myc-tagged Î²-catenin from exogenous mRNA in stage 7 and stage 9 embryos that were injected earlier at four-4-cell stage either with 1 ng of myc-tagged Î²-catenin mRNA alone or in combination with 4 ng of hAPC 25 or XAPC FL mRNA.

References [+] :

Baeg, The tumour suppressor gene product APC blocks cell cycle progression from G0/G1 to S phase. 1995, Pubmed