Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
J Gen Physiol
2008 Feb 01;1312:109-16. doi: 10.1085/jgp.200709899.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
The muscle chloride channel ClC-1 is not directly regulated by intracellular ATP.
Zifarelli G
,
Pusch M
.
???displayArticle.abstract??? ClC-1 belongs to the gene family of CLC Cl(-) channels and Cl(-)/H(+) antiporters. It is the major skeletal muscle chloride channel and is mutated in dominant and recessive myotonia. In addition to the membrane-embedded part, all mammalian CLC proteins possess a large cytoplasmic C-terminal domain that bears two so-called CBS (from cystathionine-beta-synthase) domains. Several studies indicate that these domains might be involved in nucleotide binding and regulation. In particular, Bennetts et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 2005. 280:32452-32458) reported that the voltage dependence of hClC-1 expressed in HEK cells is regulated by intracellular ATP and other nucleotides. Moreover, very recently, Bennetts et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 2007. 282:32780-32791) and Tseng et al. (J. Gen. Physiol. 2007. 130:217-221) reported that the ATP effect was enhanced by intracellular acidification. Here, we show that in striking contrast with these findings, human ClC-1, expressed in Xenopus oocytes and studied with the inside-out configuration of the patch-clamp technique, is completely insensitive to intracellular ATP at concentrations up to 10 mM, at neutral pH (pH 7.3) as well as at slightly acidic pH (pH 6.2). These results have implications for a general understanding of nucleotide regulation of CLC proteins and for the physiological role of ClC-1 in muscle excitation.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink???
18227271
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC2213564 ???displayArticle.link???J Gen Physiol ???displayArticle.grants???[+]
Figure 1. ATP stimulation of currents mediated by ÎR-CFTR. (A) Current recordings from an inside-out patch upon perfusion with control internal solution (left), and with solutions containing ATP as indicated in the panels. Voltage pulses are from â80 to 80 mV in 20-mV increments. Capacity transients are not subtracted. (B) ATP dependence of currents measured at 80 mV normalized to currents measured in 1 mM ATP. Error bars indicate SD (the data point at 1 mM has no error bar because it was used for the normalization). The solid line is the best fit of Eq. 2 with Kd = 38 μM and n = 0.63.
Figure 2. Effect of ATP on the gating of hClC-1. (A) macroscopic current recordings from an inside-out patch upon perfusion with control internal solution (left), during application of 10 mM ATP (middle), and after washout (right). (B) Voltage dependence of the overall open probability obtained from the macroscopic currents in A as described in Materials and methods. Symbols are: square, control; circle, 10 mM ATP; triangle, wash. Lines are fits of Eq. 1 with the following parameters: control, V1/2 = â89 mV, Pmin = 0.14; 10 mM ATP, V1/2 = â88 mV, Pmin = 0.13; wash V1/2 = â87 mV, Pmin = 0.14. (C) Effect of ATP on the slow gating mechanism of hClC-1. Data are from the same patch and were obtained from tail currents preceded by a 200-μs pulse to 160 mV. Symbols are as in B. Lines are fits of Eq. 1 with the following parameters: control, V1/2 = â82 mV, Pmin = 0.59; 10 mM ATP, V1/2 = â81 mV, Pmin = 0.58; wash V1/2 = â78 mV, Pmin = 0.63.
Figure 3. Statistical evaluation of the gating parameters V1/2 and Pmin at pH 7.3 obtained in control solution (n = 10) and in solutions containing 1 (n = 3), 5 (n = 5), or 10 mM ATP (n = 5). Mean values of V1/2 (A) and Pmin (B) obtained from the analysis of the overall gating mechanism of hClC-1. Mean values of V1/2 (C) and Pmin (D) obtained from the analysis of isolated slow gating mechanism of hClC-1. The values are not significantly different (P > 0.06 using Student's unpaired t test).
Figure 4. Effect of ATP on the gating of hClC-1 at pH 6.2. Top panel, macroscopic current recordings from an inside-out patch upon perfusion with control internal solution at pH 7.3 (A), pH 6.2 (B), solution at pH 6.2 with 1 mM ATP (C), and after washout (D). (E) Voltage dependence of the overall open probability obtained from the macroscopic currents in the top panel as described in Materials and methods. Symbols are: square, internal solution at pH 6.2; circle, solution at pH 6.2 with 1 mM ATP. Lines are fits of Eq. 1 with the following parameters: solution at pH 6.2, V1/2 = â94 mV, Pmin = 0.50; solution at pH 6.2 with 1 mM ATP, V1/2 = â95 mV, Pmin = 0.43. (F) Effect of ATP at pH 6.2 on the slow gating mechanism of hClC-1. Data are from the same patch and were obtained from tail currents preceded by a 200-μs pulse to 160 mV. Symbols are as in E. Lines are fits of Eq. 1 with the following parameters: solution at pH 6.2, V1/2 = â98 mV, Pmin = 0.74; solution at pH 6.2 with 1 mM ATP, V1/2 = â93 mV, Pmin = 0.74.
Figure 5. Statistical evaluation of the gating parameters V1/2 and Pmin obtained with internal solution at pH 6.2 without ATP and with 1 mM ATP. Mean values of V1/2 in the absence and in the presence of 1 mM ATP (n = 36 and n = 21, respectively) (A) and Pmin (n = 28 and n = 9, respectively) (B) obtained from the analysis of the overall gating mechanism of hClC-1. Mean values of V1/2 in the absence and in the presence of 1 mM ATP (n = 8 and n = 5, respectively) (C) and Pmin (n = 19 and n = 13, respectively) (D) obtained from the analysis of isolated slow gating mechanism of hClC-1. The values in the absence and in the presence of 1 mM ATP are not significantly different (P > 0.06 using Student's unpaired t test).
Accardi,
Fast and slow gating relaxations in the muscle chloride channel CLC-1.
2000, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Accardi,
Fast and slow gating relaxations in the muscle chloride channel CLC-1.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Accardi,
Drastic reduction of the slow gate of human muscle chloride channel (ClC-1) by mutation C277S.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Accardi,
To ATP or not to ATP: this is the question.
2008,
Pubmed
Aromataris,
ClC-1 chloride channel: Matching its properties to a role in skeletal muscle.
2006,
Pubmed
Bennetts,
Inhibition of skeletal muscle ClC-1 chloride channels by low intracellular pH and ATP.
2007,
Pubmed
Bennetts,
Cytoplasmic ATP-sensing domains regulate gating of skeletal muscle ClC-1 chloride channels.
2005,
Pubmed
Bennetts,
Temperature dependence of human muscle ClC-1 chloride channel.
2001,
Pubmed
Bompadre,
CFTR gating I: Characterization of the ATP-dependent gating of a phosphorylation-independent CFTR channel (DeltaR-CFTR).
2005,
Pubmed
Charlet-B,
Loss of the muscle-specific chloride channel in type 1 myotonic dystrophy due to misregulated alternative splicing.
2002,
Pubmed
Chen,
Role of phosphorylation and physiological state in the regulation of the muscular chloride channel ClC-1: a voltage-clamp study on isolated M. interosseus fibers.
1999,
Pubmed
Dutzler,
X-ray structure of a ClC chloride channel at 3.0 A reveals the molecular basis of anion selectivity.
2002,
Pubmed
George,
Molecular basis of Thomsen's disease (autosomal dominant myotonia congenita).
1993,
Pubmed
Hamill,
Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches.
1981,
Pubmed
Koch,
The skeletal muscle chloride channel in dominant and recessive human myotonia.
1992,
Pubmed
Lueck,
Muscle chloride channel dysfunction in two mouse models of myotonic dystrophy.
2007,
Pubmed
Mankodi,
Expanded CUG repeats trigger aberrant splicing of ClC-1 chloride channel pre-mRNA and hyperexcitability of skeletal muscle in myotonic dystrophy.
2002,
Pubmed
Markovic,
The structure of the cytoplasmic domain of the chloride channel ClC-Ka reveals a conserved interaction interface.
2007,
Pubmed
Meyer,
Crystal structure of the cytoplasmic domain of the chloride channel ClC-0.
2006,
Pubmed
Meyer,
Nucleotide recognition by the cytoplasmic domain of the human chloride transporter ClC-5.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Miller,
Dimeric structure of single chloride channels from Torpedo electroplax.
1984,
Pubmed
Nielsen,
Protective effects of lactic acid on force production in rat skeletal muscle.
2001,
Pubmed
Pedersen,
Increased excitability of acidified skeletal muscle: role of chloride conductance.
2005,
Pubmed
Pedersen,
Intracellular acidosis enhances the excitability of working muscle.
2004,
Pubmed
Ponting,
CBS domains in CIC chloride channels implicated in myotonia and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones).
1997,
Pubmed
Pusch,
Myotonia caused by mutations in the muscle chloride channel gene CLCN1.
2002,
Pubmed
Pusch,
Mutations in dominant human myotonia congenita drastically alter the voltage dependence of the CIC-1 chloride channel.
1995,
Pubmed
Rosenbohm,
Regulation of the human skeletal muscle chloride channel hClC-1 by protein kinase C.
1999,
Pubmed
Rychkov,
Concentration and pH dependence of skeletal muscle chloride channel ClC-1.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Scott,
CBS domains form energy-sensing modules whose binding of adenosine ligands is disrupted by disease mutations.
2004,
Pubmed
Steinmeyer,
Multimeric structure of ClC-1 chloride channel revealed by mutations in dominant myotonia congenita (Thomsen).
1994,
Pubmed
Steinmeyer,
Inactivation of muscle chloride channel by transposon insertion in myotonic mice.
1991,
Pubmed
Steinmeyer,
Primary structure and functional expression of a developmentally regulated skeletal muscle chloride channel.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tseng,
Cytoplasmic ATP inhibition of CLC-1 is enhanced by low pH.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wellhauser,
Nucleotides bind to the C-terminus of ClC-5.
2006,
Pubmed
Zhang,
Characteristics and crystal structure of bacterial inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase.
1999,
Pubmed
Zifarelli,
CLC chloride channels and transporters: a biophysical and physiological perspective.
2007,
Pubmed