Scharf SR and Gerhart JC (1983), Axis determination in eggs of Xenopus laevis: a...

XB-ART-30088

Dev Biol 1983 Sep 01;991:75-87.

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Axis determination in eggs of Xenopus laevis: a critical period before first cleavage, identified by the common effects of cold, pressure and ultraviolet irradiation.

Scharf SR , Gerhart JC .

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Exposure of eggs of Xenopus laevis to a temperature of 1.0 degree C for 4 min or a pressure of 8000 psi for 5 min in a critical period before first cleavage results in embryos exhibiting a reduction and loss of structures of the body axis. The deficiencies occur in a craniocaudal progression which is dose dependent. In the extreme, totally axis-deficient embryos with radial symmetry are formed. Maximum sensitivity to cold and pressure occurs at 0.6 of the time from fertilization to first cleavage and extends from approximately 0.4 to 0.8, the period between pronuclear contact and mitosis, and the approximate period of gray crescent formation. The effects of cold and pressure resemble those previously reported for uv irradiation in that (1) the types of axis-deficient embryos produced are morphologically indistinguishable; (2) sensitivity in all cases ends before 0.8; (3) cold and uv effects, although not those of pressure, can be prevented by cotreatment with D2O; and (4) impaired eggs can be rescued by oblique orientation. We interpret these results as follows: during the 0.4-0.8 period the egg reorganizes its contents in a manner critical for subsequent development of the embryonic body axis. The reorganization process involves cytoskeletal elements, some of which are sensitive to cold, pressure, and uv, and protected by D2O. Rescue by oblique orientation can be understood as the result of a gravity-driven reorganization of the egg's contents, supplanting the normal mechanochemical process impaired in treated eggs.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: dao frzb2

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	FIG. 1. Axis-deficient embryos from cold-, pressure-, and uv-treated eggs. Panel A: control stage 44 tadpole; panel B: IAD grade 4 embryo at control stage 46 produced by pressure treatment (8000 psi, 5 min); only a trace of somites is seen (view is from dorsal side); panels C through G: IAD grade 1 through grade 5 embryos, respectively, at control stage 44, produced by cold (lower embryo) and uv irradiation (upper embryo). uv dose was varied from 1.3 to 2.7 X ld ergs/mm*. Standard cold treatment was employed. All embryos except those of panel B are from eggs from a single frog and were fertilized simultaneously. Grade 5 embryos (panel G) are oriented with the original blastopore leftward. cg, cement gland; e, eye(s); g, gut; o, otic vesicle(s); s, somites; y, yolk mass. Bar length: 1 mm.
	FIG. 2. Morphology of totally axis-deficient (grade 5) embryos. Panel A: median section of embryo from uv-irradiated egg (control stage 41); panel B: external view of embryo from cold treated egg (control stage 41); panel C: median section of embryo from cold treated egg (control stage 41); panel D: median section of radially symmetric gastrula from uv-irradiated egg, fixed just after circular blastopore lip formation (control stage 11 l/2). Sections were cut randomly in a plane which included the original animal pole-blastopore axis. Orientation is with blastopore leftward in all cases. blc, blastocoel; blp, bastopore lip; e, erythrocyte-like cells; ect, ectoderm; end, endoderm; ce, ciliated epithelium; m, mesenchyme cells; mes, mesoderm; y, yolk-filled cells. Bar length: 0.5 mm.
	FIG. 3. Dose response to cold and pressure treatments. Each point represents IAD measured at 0.60-0.65. Panel A: eggs were exposed for 4 min at various temperatures and then warmed slowly to 15âC, at which temperature they were kept until first cleavage. The procedure for slow warming is described under Materials and Methods. Panel B: eggs were exposed to 5.0Â°C and then slowly warmed to 15Â°C until first cleavage. Panel C: eggs were exposed to 5.OâC for 5 min and either immediately warmed to the temperatures shown (0) or warmed slowly over a period of lo-15 min to those temperatures (V). At first cleavage all eggs were transferred to 19Â°C. Panel D: eggs were treated at various pressures for 5 min at 1822âC, data from four independent experiments are combined. Survival ranged from 60-100% in cold experiments to 30-952 in pressure experiments. Each point represents at least 10 embryos.
	FIG. 4. Stage dependence of survival following cold and pressure treatment. Panel A: Cold treatment: eggs were exposed to 1.0 f 0.3âC for 4 min, slowly warmed to 15Â°C and kept at 15Â°C until first cleavage. Time points, each with an average of 38 eggs, were taken every 3 min. Control survival was 98%) and control time to first cleavage was 105 min. Panel B: pressure treatment: eggs were exposed to 8000 psi for 4 min. Time points, each with an average of 50 eggs, were taken every 6 min. Control survival was 95% and time to first cleavage was 115 min. For both experiments embryos were scored for survival at control stage 34.
	FIG. 5. Stage dependence of cold, pressure and uv effects on axis determination. Panel A: cold treatment, low dose: eggs were exposed to 1.0 i 0.3âC for 4 min and then immediately warmed to 17Â°C until first cleavage. Survival was from 80 to loo%, except during mitosis (0.73-0.79 and 1.13-1.19) when it decreased to 40-50s. Panel B: cold treatment, high dose: eggs were exposed as in low dose, but warmed slowly to 15Â°C and maintained at 15Â°C until first cleavage. Survial data for this experiment are shown in Fig. 4A. Panel C: pressure treatment, low dose (m): eggs were exposed to 8000 psi for 4 min at 18-20Â°C. Survival data for this experiment are shown in Fig. 4B. Pressure treatment, high dose (Cl): eggs were exposed to 9000 psi for 5 min at 19-21Â°C. Survival ranged from 4 to 68%. Panel D: uv-irradiation: eggs received either 1.3 X 10â ergs/mmâ in 3 min (A), or 2.7 X lo* ergs/mmâ in 6 min (A) at times shown. Survival was 95-100%. In all of the above experiments, control IAD was from 0.0-0.2, and time to first cleavage was from 105-115 min. An average of 30 to 60 eggs per time point were treated, but due to stage-specific lethality, the actual number of storable embryos per time point ranged from 3 to 60.
	FIG. 6. Prevention of axis deficiency by cotreatment with I&O. Each data point represents a comparison of DpO-cotreated eggs (+D&) with eggs treated simultaneously and equivalently in 20% MR (-D&L uv irradiation (0): eggs were pretreated in D20 for 3 min, irradiated in DzO (l-3 x 10â ergs/mmâ in 2-6 min) during the 0.3-0.4 period, and removed from D20 after lo-min total exposure. Cold treatment (A): eggs were pretreated in DzO for 3 min, transferred to Da0 at l.OâC at the time 0.60-0.65 for 4 min, allowed to warm to 10Â°C in D20 (3 min), transferred to 20% MR at 10Â°C and allowed to warm slowly to 15Â°C. Thus eggs were exposed to temperatures of less than 10Â°C only in the presence of DaO. Pressure treatment (0): eggs were pretreated in D20 for 4 min, exposed to 8000 psi for 4 min at 0.60-0.65 in DaO, and removed from 40 after a total of 10 min. Survival following D20 cotreatment with both cold and pressure was TO%, whereas survival was 30% for eggs treated with Da0 only, and â70 and 50%, respectively, for eggs treated with cold and pressure only. Survival following D&/uv cotreatment was 85-90% compared to 95% for uvirradiated eggs. All experiments were carried out at 18-19Â°C. Data points represent comparisons of groups of 15-30 embryos. A total of seven separate âv-irradiation, three separate cold, and three separate pressure experiments are represented. The dashed line is that line expected if Da0 had no effect. The solid line is a visual fit to the data for cold and uv.