Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
2016 Dec 05;3711709:. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0465.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Overview of chytrid emergence and impacts on amphibians.
Lips KR
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians that affects over 700 species on all continents where amphibians occur. The amphibian-chytridiomycosis system is complex, and the response of any amphibian species to chytrid depends on many aspects of the ecology and evolutionary history of the amphibian, the genotype and phenotype of the fungus, and how the biological and physical environment can mediate that interaction. Impacts of chytridiomycosis on amphibians are varied; some species have been driven extinct, populations of others have declined severely, whereas still others have not obviously declined. Understanding patterns and mechanisms of amphibian responses to chytrids is critical for conservation and management. Robust estimates of population numbers are needed to identify species at risk, prioritize taxa for conservation actions, design management strategies for managing populations and species, and to develop effective measures to reduce impacts of chytrids on amphibians.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience'.
Figure 1. The interaction of host ecology and evolution, fungal genotype and phenotype, and environmental conditions are thought to be key drivers of disease intensity, which ultimately determines individual mortality and host response to infection. (Online version in colour.)
Figure 2. The evolving view of amphibian–chytrid interactions that includes responses of the entire amphibian community, multiple pathogens infecting a host community, and the effects of both abiotic environment and microbiome on host response. (Online version in colour.)
Adams,
Trends in amphibian occupancy in the United States.
2013, Pubmed
Adams,
Trends in amphibian occupancy in the United States.
2013,
Pubmed
Bataille,
Susceptibility of amphibians to chytridiomycosis is associated with MHC class II conformation.
2015,
Pubmed
Bataille,
Genetic evidence for a high diversity and wide distribution of endemic strains of the pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild Asian amphibians.
2013,
Pubmed
Becker,
Partitioning the net effect of host diversity on an emerging amphibian pathogen.
2014,
Pubmed
Bellard,
Global patterns in threats to vertebrates by biological invasions.
2016,
Pubmed
Berger,
Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America.
1998,
Pubmed
Bletz,
Widespread presence of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild amphibian communities in Madagascar.
2015,
Pubmed
Bosch,
Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of Central Spain; is there a link?
2007,
Pubmed
Briggs,
Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians.
2010,
Pubmed
Canestrelli,
Widespread occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in contemporary and historical samples of the endangered Bombina pachypus along the Italian peninsula.
2013,
Pubmed
Cheng,
Coincident mass extirpation of neotropical amphibians with the emergence of the infectious fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2011,
Pubmed
Clare,
Assessing the ability of swab data to determine the true burden of infection for the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2016,
Pubmed
Crawford,
Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama.
2010,
Pubmed
Dahanukar,
Endemic Asian chytrid strain infection in threatened and endemic anurans of the Northern Western Ghats, India.
2013,
Pubmed
Direnzo,
Fungal infection intensity and zoospore output of Atelopus zeteki, a potential acute chytrid supershedder.
2014,
Pubmed
Ellison,
More than skin deep: functional genomic basis for resistance to amphibian chytridiomycosis.
2014,
Pubmed
Farrer,
Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage.
2011,
Pubmed
Flechas,
Bd on the beach: high prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the lowland forests of Gorgona Island (Colombia, South America).
2012,
Pubmed
Fong,
Early 1900 s detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Korean amphibians.
2015,
Pubmed
Garner,
Chytrid fungus in Europe.
2005,
Pubmed
Goka,
Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes and possible route of entry into Japan.
2009,
Pubmed
Grant,
Quantitative evidence for the effects of multiple drivers on continental-scale amphibian declines.
2016,
Pubmed
Han,
Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission.
2015,
Pubmed
Harris,
Skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus.
2009,
Pubmed
Hirschfeld,
Dramatic Declines of Montane Frogs in a Central African Biodiversity Hotspot.
2016,
Pubmed
Houlahan,
Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines.
2000,
Pubmed
James,
Disentangling host, pathogen, and environmental determinants of a recently emerged wildlife disease: lessons from the first 15 years of amphibian chytridiomycosis research.
2015,
Pubmed
Jenkinson,
Amphibian-killing chytrid in Brazil comprises both locally endemic and globally expanding populations.
2016,
Pubmed
Krajick,
Conservation biology. The lost world of the Kihansi toad.
2006,
Pubmed
Kueneman,
The amphibian skin-associated microbiome across species, space and life history stages.
2014,
Pubmed
Lips,
Riding the wave: reconciling the roles of disease and climate change in amphibian declines.
2008,
Pubmed
Lips,
Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibian community.
2006,
Pubmed
Martel,
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians.
2013,
Pubmed
Martel,
Wildlife disease. Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders.
2014,
Pubmed
McMahon,
Amphibians acquire resistance to live and dead fungus overcoming fungal immunosuppression.
2014,
Pubmed
Muletz,
Unexpected rarity of the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Appalachian Plethodon Salamanders: 1957-2011.
2014,
Pubmed
Newell,
Population recovery following decline in an endangered stream-breeding frog (Mixophyes fleayi) from subtropical Australia.
2013,
Pubmed
Olson,
Mapping the global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the amphibian chytrid fungus.
2013,
Pubmed
Penner,
West Africa - a safe haven for frogs? A sub-continental assessment of the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis).
2013,
Pubmed
Puschendorf,
Environmental refuge from disease-driven amphibian extinction.
2011,
Pubmed
Retallick,
Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline.
2004,
Pubmed
Rodriguez,
Long-term endemism of two highly divergent lineages of the amphibian-killing fungus in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
2014,
Pubmed
Rosenblum,
Complex history of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus revealed with genome resequencing data.
2013,
Pubmed
Rovito,
Dramatic declines in neotropical salamander populations are an important part of the global amphibian crisis.
2009,
Pubmed
Rowley,
Hot bodies protect amphibians against chytrid infection in nature.
2013,
Pubmed
Rowley,
Behaviour of Australian rainforest stream frogs may affect the transmission of chytridiomycosis.
2007,
Pubmed
Savage,
Reduced immune function predicts disease susceptibility in frogs infected with a deadly fungal pathogen.
2016,
Pubmed
Savage,
Adaptive tolerance to a pathogenic fungus drives major histocompatibility complex evolution in natural amphibian populations.
2016,
Pubmed
Schloegel,
Novel, panzootic and hybrid genotypes of amphibian chytridiomycosis associated with the bullfrog trade.
2012,
Pubmed
Searle,
A dilution effect in the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
2011,
Pubmed
Smith,
Selecting for extinction: nonrandom disease-associated extinction homogenizes amphibian biotas.
2009,
Pubmed
Spitzen-van der Sluijs,
Expanding Distribution of Lethal Amphibian Fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe.
2016,
Pubmed
Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs,
Environmental determinants of recent endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections in amphibian assemblages in the absence of disease outbreaks.
2014,
Pubmed
Stuart,
Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide.
2004,
Pubmed
Swei,
Is chytridiomycosis an emerging infectious disease in Asia?
2011,
Pubmed
Tobler,
Populations of a susceptible amphibian species can grow despite the presence of a pathogenic chytrid fungus.
2012,
Pubmed
Vredenburg,
Dynamics of an emerging disease drive large-scale amphibian population extinctions.
2010,
Pubmed
Walker,
Factors driving pathogenicity vs. prevalence of amphibian panzootic chytridiomycosis in Iberia.
2010,
Pubmed
Weldon,
Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Woodhams,
Interacting symbionts and immunity in the amphibian skin mucosome predict disease risk and probiotic effectiveness.
2014,
Pubmed
