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J Cell Biol
2007 Oct 22;1792:179-81. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200709152.
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Chromosome orientation.
Compton DA
.
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Precise chromosome segregation during cell division results from the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules emanating from both poles of the spindle apparatus. The molecular machinery involved in establishing and maintaining properly oriented microtubule attachments remains murky. Some clarity is now emerging with the identification of Bod1 (Biorientation Defective 1), a protein that promotes chromosome biorientation by unleashing chromosomes from improperly oriented microtubule attachments.
Figure 1. Chromosome orientation on mitotic spindles. In mammalian cells, multiple microtubules attach to each kinetochore (red). Precise chromosome segregation requires sister kinetochores on chromosomes to attach to microtubules from opposite spindle poles, leading to biorientation or amphitely. Incorrect orientations can range from single unattached kinetochores (montely) or single kinetochores with microtubule attachments to both spindle poles (merotely) to both sister kinetochores attached to the same spindle pole (syntely).
Figure 2. Potential mechanisms for the correction of syntelic attachments by Bod1. (A) Bod1 may induce the release of microtubules from one kinetochore so that appropriate attachments can be made to the opposite spindle pole. (B) Bod1 may promote the shortening of kinetochore microtubules, bringing the chromosome to the spindle pole. The chromosome could then release short microtubules and move to the metaphase plate for biorientation via kinetochore transport on adjacent microtubules (arrows), as demonstrated previously (Kapoor et al., 2006). (C) Bod1 may induce the release of microtubules from both kinetochores to permit new attachments with correct orientation toward both spindle poles.
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