Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
Biochem Pharmacol
2008 Jun 15;7512:2334-44. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.03.019.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Specificity, affinity and efficacy of iota-conotoxin RXIA, an agonist of voltage-gated sodium channels Na(V)1.2, 1.6 and 1.7.
Fiedler B
,
Zhang MM
,
Buczek O
,
Azam L
,
Bulaj G
,
Norton RS
,
Olivera BM
,
Yoshikami D
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The excitotoxic conopeptide iota-RXIA induces repetitive action potentials in frog motor axons and seizures upon intracranial injection into mice. We recently discovered that iota-RXIA shifts the voltage-dependence of activation of voltage-gated sodium channel Na(V)1.6 to a more hyperpolarized level. Here, we performed voltage-clamp experiments to examine its activity against rodent Na(V)1.1 through Na(V)1.7 co-expressed with the beta1 subunit in Xenopus oocytes and Na(V)1.8 in dissociated mouse DRG neurons. The order of sensitivity to iota-RXIA was Na(V)1.6 > 1.2 > 1.7, and the remaining subtypes were insensitive. The time course of iota-RXIA-activity on Na(V)1.6 during exposure to different peptide concentrations were well fit by single-exponential curves that provided k(obs). The plot of k(obs)versus [iota-RXIA] was linear, consistent with a bimolecular reaction with a K(d) of approximately 3 microM, close to the steady-state EC(50) of approximately 2 microM. iota-RXIA has an unusual residue, D-Phe, and the analog with an L-Phe instead, iota-RXIA[L-Phe44], had a two-fold lower affinity and two-fold faster off-rate than iota-RXIA on Na(V)1.6 and furthermore was inactive on Na(V)1.2. iota-RXIA induced repetitive action potentials in mouse sciatic nerve with conduction velocities of both A- and C-fibers, consistent with the presence of Na(V)1.6 at nodes of Ranvier as well as in unmyelinated axons. Sixteen peptides homologous to iota-RXIA have been identified from a single species of Conus, so these peptides represent a rich family of novel sodium channel-targeting ligands.
Black,
Sodium channel Na(v)1.6 is expressed along nonmyelinated axons and it contributes to conduction.
2002, Pubmed
Black,
Sodium channel Na(v)1.6 is expressed along nonmyelinated axons and it contributes to conduction.
2002,
Pubmed
Buczek,
Post-translational amino acid isomerization: a functionally important D-amino acid in an excitatory peptide.
2005,
Pubmed
Buczek,
Structure and sodium channel activity of an excitatory I1-superfamily conotoxin.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Buczek,
Characterization of D-amino-acid-containing excitatory conotoxins and redefinition of the I-conotoxin superfamily.
2005,
Pubmed
Caldwell,
Sodium channel Na(v)1.6 is localized at nodes of ranvier, dendrites, and synapses.
2000,
Pubmed
Cartier,
A new alpha-conotoxin which targets alpha3beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Catterall,
International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels.
2005,
Pubmed
Cestèle,
Voltage sensor-trapping: enhanced activation of sodium channels by beta-scorpion toxin bound to the S3-S4 loop in domain II.
1998,
Pubmed
Cestèle,
Molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin action on voltage-gated sodium channels.
2000,
Pubmed
Choi,
Calmodulin regulates current density and frequency-dependent inhibition of sodium channel Nav1.8 in DRG neurons.
2006,
Pubmed
Craner,
Sodium channels contribute to microglia/macrophage activation and function in EAE and MS.
2005,
Pubmed
Cruz,
Conus geographus toxins that discriminate between neuronal and muscle sodium channels.
1985,
Pubmed
Dietrich,
Functional analysis of a voltage-gated sodium channel and its splice variant from rat dorsal root ganglia.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Fainzilber,
New sodium channel-blocking conotoxins also affect calcium currents in Lymnaea neurons.
1995,
Pubmed
Fjell,
Localization of the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel NaN in nociceptors.
2000,
Pubmed
González-Burgos,
Voltage-gated sodium channels shape subthreshold EPSPs in layer 5 pyramidal neurons from rat prefrontal cortex.
2001,
Pubmed
Jimenez,
Novel excitatory Conus peptides define a new conotoxin superfamily.
2003,
Pubmed
Karbat,
Conversion of a scorpion toxin agonist into an antagonist highlights an acidic residue involved in voltage sensor trapping during activation of neuronal Na+ channels.
2004,
Pubmed
Krzemien,
Immunolocalization of sodium channel isoform NaCh6 in the nervous system.
2000,
Pubmed
Leipold,
muO conotoxins inhibit NaV channels by interfering with their voltage sensors in domain-2.
2007,
Pubmed
Leipold,
Molecular interaction of delta-conotoxins with voltage-gated sodium channels.
2005,
Pubmed
Leipold,
Subtype specificity of scorpion beta-toxin Tz1 interaction with voltage-gated sodium channels is determined by the pore loop of domain 3.
2006,
Pubmed
Maier,
An unexpected role for brain-type sodium channels in coupling of cell surface depolarization to contraction in the heart.
2002,
Pubmed
Marcotte,
Effects of Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxin gamma on voltage-gated Na+ channels.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
McIntosh,
A new family of conotoxins that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels.
1995,
Pubmed
Moczydlowski,
Discrimination of muscle and neuronal Na-channel subtypes by binding competition between [3H]saxitoxin and mu-conotoxins.
1986,
Pubmed
Musarella,
Expression of Nav1.6 sodium channels by Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions: role in the motor endplate disease phenotype.
2006,
Pubmed
Norton,
Conotoxins down under.
2006,
Pubmed
Norton,
The cystine knot structure of ion channel toxins and related polypeptides.
1998,
Pubmed
Olivera,
Conotoxins.
1991,
Pubmed
Pallaghy,
A common structural motif incorporating a cystine knot and a triple-stranded beta-sheet in toxic and inhibitory polypeptides.
1994,
Pubmed
Rush,
Differential modulation of sodium channel Na(v)1.6 by two members of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 subfamily.
2006,
Pubmed
Schiavon,
Resurgent current and voltage sensor trapping enhanced activation by a beta-scorpion toxin solely in Nav1.6 channel. Significance in mice Purkinje neurons.
2006,
Pubmed
Smith,
Functional analysis of the mouse Scn8a sodium channel.
1998,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sontheimer,
Voltage-gated Na+ channels in glia: properties and possible functions.
1996,
Pubmed
Terlau,
Strategy for rapid immobilization of prey by a fish-hunting marine snail.
1996,
Pubmed
Terlau,
Conus venoms: a rich source of novel ion channel-targeted peptides.
2004,
Pubmed
Terlau,
MicroO-conotoxin MrVIA inhibits mammalian sodium channels, but not through site I.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tsushima,
Inactivated state dependence of sodium channel modulation by beta-scorpion toxin.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tzoumaka,
Differential distribution of the tetrodotoxin-sensitive rPN4/NaCh6/Scn8a sodium channel in the nervous system.
2000,
Pubmed
West,
Mu-conotoxin SmIIIA, a potent inhibitor of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in amphibian sympathetic and sensory neurons.
2002,
Pubmed
West,
Effects of delta-conotoxins PVIA and SVIE on sodium channels in the amphibian sympathetic nervous system.
2005,
Pubmed
Zhang,
Structure/function characterization of micro-conotoxin KIIIA, an analgesic, nearly irreversible blocker of mammalian neuronal sodium channels.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zhang,
Structural and functional diversities among mu-conotoxins targeting TTX-resistant sodium channels.
2006,
Pubmed
Zorn,
The muO-conotoxin MrVIA inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels by associating with domain-3.
2006,
Pubmed