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Sequential actions of Rab5 and Rab7 regulate endocytosis in the Xenopus oocyte.
Mukhopadhyay A
,
Barbieri AM
,
Funato K
,
Roberts R
,
Stahl PD
.
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To explore the role of GTPases in endocytosis, we developed an assay using Xenopus oocytes injected with recombinant proteins to follow the uptake of the fluid phase marker HRP. HRP uptake was inhibited in cells injected with GTPgammaS or incubated with aluminum fluoride, suggesting a general role for GTPases in endocytosis. Injection of Rab5 into oocytes, as well as Rab5:Q79L, a mutant with decreased GTPase activity, increased HRP uptake. Injection of Rab5:S34N, the dominant-negative mutant, inhibited HRP uptake. Injection of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) stimulated HRP uptake, and ATPase-defective NSF mutants inhibited HRP uptake when coinjected with Rab5:Q79L, confirming a requirement for NSF in endocytosis. Surprisingly, injection of Rab7:WT stimulated both uptake and degradation/activation of HRP. The latter appears to be due to enhanced transport to a late endosomal/prelysosomal degradative compartment that is monensin sensitive. Enhancement of uptake by Rab7 appears to function via an Rab5-sensitive pathway in oocytes since the stimulatory effect of Rab7 was blocked by coinjection of Rab5:S34N. Stimulation of uptake by Rab5 was blocked by Rab5:S34N but not by Rab7:T22N. Our results suggest that Rab7, while functioning downstream of Rab5, may be rate limiting for endocytosis in oocytes.
Figure 2. Effect of different Rab proteins on HRP uptake in oocytes. Oocytes were injected with 100 ng of the indicated Rabs in 50 nl of microinjection buffer and incubated for 2 h at 18°C. The cells were then incubated with HRP (2 mg/ml) for 1 h at 18°C to determine the uptake rate. Results were expressed as percentage of uptake per oocyte with respect to control (220 ng per oocyte) ± SD (average of eight experiments).
Figure 3. Effect of Rab5 and its mutants on endocytosis in oocytes. (a) Oocytes were injected with 100 ng each of the indicated proteins, and the uptake was carried out as described in Fig. 1. The results were expressed as percentage of control (200 ng/oocyte) ± SD. (b) Oocytes were injected with 100 ng of Rab5:Q79L or Rab5:ÎC4 in 50 nl of microinjection buffer and incubated for 2 h at 18°C. The cells were lysed, and crude membrane and cytosolic fractions were prepared by centrifuging at 70,000 rpm for 15 min. Each fraction (5 μg) was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose, and Rab5 protein was localized using polyclonal Rab5-specific antibodies (Alvarez-Dominguez et al., 1996).
Figure 4. Inhibition of HRP uptake by anti-Rab5 antibody. The oocytes were injected with Rab5:Q79L (100 ng) alone or with anti-Rab5 antibody (200 ng). HRP uptake was followed as described in Fig. 1. Results are expressed as percentage of control uptake (150 ng per oocyte) from the average of eight experiments.
Figure 5. Effect of NSF on HRP uptake by oocytes. (a) Cells were injected with either 100 ng of Rab5:Q79L with or without anti-NSF (200 ng) antibody. Uptake was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. Results were expressed as percentage of control uptake (180 ng/oocyte) from the average of eight experiments. (b) Oocytes were injected with 75 ng of Rab5:Q79L alone or with 100 ng of NSF and its mutants as indicated. Uptake was determined as described, and the results are expressed as percentage of control (220 ng per oocyte) uptake.
Figure 6. Rab7-mediated uptake of HRP by oocytes. Oocytes were injected with 100 ng of the indicated proteins and uptake was carried out with HRP-FITC for 1 h in the dark (1 mg/ml). Subsequently, the cells were washed three times with MBS, incubated in the dark for another 1 h, and then observed under the confocal microscope.
Figure 7. Rab7-mediated inactivation/degradation of HRP by oocytes. (a) Oocytes were preloaded with HRP by incubating with HRP (2 mg/ml) for 1 h at 18°C. Preloaded cells were washed and incubated with 100 μM monensin or control buffer as indicated for 1 h at 18°C. The cells were then injected with 100 ng of the respective fusion proteins. HRP activity present in the cells was measured after a 2-h incubation at 18°C. Results are expressed as percentage of control (110 ng HRP/oocyte) from the average of eight experiments. (b) Oocytes were incubated with 125I-HRP (0.5 mg/ml; 2 à 105 cpm/μg) for 1 h at 18°C and washed three times to remove unbound radioactivity. Subsequently, the cells were injected with 100 ng of Rab7:WT protein or control buffer, and nine oocytes were incubated in 300 μl of MBS for 2 h at 18°C. Oocytes were washed and solublized in PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100, and TCA-soluble and -precipitable radioactivity was determined in cell lysates and media. Results are expressed as ng of HRP associated with or degraded by the cells.
Figure 8. Rab5 regulation of endocytosis is upstream of Rab7. (a) Rab5 proteins were injected alone (50 ng) or in combination with both mutants (100 ng) of Rab5 and Rab7. (b) Rab7 proteins (50 ng) were injected alone or in combination with both mutants (100 ng) of Rab5 and Rab7. Results are expressed as percentage of control uptake by uninjected oocytes (average of eight experiments).
Figure 9. Rab5- and Rab7-coinjected cells produced additive effects. Oocytes were injected with 50 ng of Rab5 and Rab7 alone or in combination and incubated for 2 h at 18°C. The cells were incubated with 2 mg/ml of HRP for 1 h at 18°C to determine the rate of HRP uptake. Results are expressed as percentage of uptake per oocyte with respect to control (205 ng per oocyte) ±SD (average of eight experiments).
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