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XB-ART-14388
Nature 1998 Aug 06;3946693:545-51. doi: 10.1038/29004.
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Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates.

Ryan AK , Blumberg B , Rodriguez-Esteban C , Yonei-Tamura S , Tsukui T , de la Peña J , Sabbagh W , Greenwald J , Choe S , Norris DP , Robertson EJ , Evans RM , Rosenfeld MG , Izpisúa Belmonte JC .


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The handedness of visceral organs is conserved among vertebrates and is regulated by asymmetric signals relayed by molecules such as Shh, Nodal and activin. The gene Pitx2 is expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm and, subsequently, in the left heart and gut of mouse, chick and Xenopus embryos. Misexpression of Shh and Nodal induces Pitx2 expression, whereas inhibition of activin signalling blocks it. Misexpression of Pitx2 alters the relative position of organs and the direction of body rotation in chick and Xenopus embryos. Changes in Pitx2 expression are evident in mouse mutants with laterality defects. Thus, Pitx2 seems to serve as a critical downstream transcription target that mediates left-right asymmetry in vertebrates.

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Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: nodal nodal1 pitx2 shh