Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
During the first cell cycle, the vegetal cortex of the fertilized frog egg is translocated over the cytoplasm. This process of cortical rotation creates regional cytoplasmic differences important in later development, and appears to involve an array of aligned microtubules that forms transiently beneath the vegetal cortex. We have investigated how these microtubules might be involved in generating movement by analyzing isolated cortices and sections of Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens eggs. First, the polarity of the cortical microtubules was determined using the "hook" assay. Almost all microtubules had their plus ends pointing in the direction of cortical rotation. Secondly, the association of microtubules with other cytoplasmic elements was examined. Immunofluorescence revealed that cytokeratin filaments coalign with the microtubules. The timing of their appearance and their position on the cytoplasmic side of the microtubules suggested that they are not involved directly in generating movement. ER was visualized with the dye DiIC16(3) and by immunofluorescence with anti-BiP (Bole, D. G., L. M. Hendershot, and J. F. Kearney, 1986. J. Cell Biol. 102:1558-1566). One layer of ER was found closely underlying the plasma membrane at all times. An additional, deeper layer formed in association with the microtubules of the array. Antibodies to sea urchin kinesin (Ingold, A. L., S. A. Cohn, and J. M. Scholey. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 107:2657-2667) detected antigens associated with both the ER and microtubules. On immunoblots they recognized microtubule associated polypeptide(s) of approximately 115 kD from Xenopus eggs. These observations are consistent with a role for kinesin in creating movement between the microtubules and ER, which leads in turn to the cortical rotation.
Andreuccetti,
Calcium ultrastructural localization in Xenopus laevis eggs following activation by pricking or by calcium ionophore A 23187.
1984, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Andreuccetti,
Calcium ultrastructural localization in Xenopus laevis eggs following activation by pricking or by calcium ionophore A 23187.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bole,
Immunocytochemical localization of BiP to the rough endoplasmic reticulum: evidence for protein sorting by selective retention.
1989,
Pubmed
Bole,
Posttranslational association of immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein with nascent heavy chains in nonsecreting and secreting hybridomas.
1986,
Pubmed
Campanella,
Ultrastructural observations on cortical endoplasmic reticulum and on residual cortical granules in the egg of Xenopus laevis.
1977,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dabora,
The microtubule-dependent formation of a tubulovesicular network with characteristics of the ER from cultured cell extracts.
1988,
Pubmed
Elinson,
A transient array of parallel microtubules in frog eggs: potential tracks for a cytoplasmic rotation that specifies the dorso-ventral axis.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Elinson,
Changes in levels of polymeric tubulin associated with activation and dorsoventral polarization of the frog egg.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Elinson,
Cytoplasmic phases in the first cell cycle of the activated frog egg.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Elinson,
Microtubules and specification of the dorsoventral axis in frog embryos.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Elinson,
Cytoskeleton in Xenopus oocytes and eggs.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Godsave,
Intermediate filaments in the Xenopus oocyte: the appearance and distribution of cytokeratin-containing filaments.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Grey,
Formation and structure of the fertilization envelope in Xenopus laevis.
1974,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hebard,
The ultrastructure of the cortical cytoplasm in the unfertilized egg and first cleavage zygote of Xenopus laevis.
1967,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Heidemann,
Visualization of the structural polarity of microtubules.
1980,
Pubmed
Henson,
A calsequestrin-like protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of the sea urchin: localization and dynamics in the egg and first cell cycle embryo.
1989,
Pubmed
Hollenbeck,
The distribution, abundance and subcellular localization of kinesin.
1989,
Pubmed
Hollenbeck,
Radial extension of macrophage tubular lysosomes supported by kinesin.
1990,
Pubmed
Houliston,
Patterns of microtubule polymerization relating to cortical rotation in Xenopus laevis eggs.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ingold,
Inhibition of kinesin-driven microtubule motility by monoclonal antibodies to kinesin heavy chains.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kachar,
The mechanism of cytoplasmic streaming in characean algal cells: sliding of endoplasmic reticulum along actin filaments.
1988,
Pubmed
Kaprielian,
Expression of fast and slow isoforms of the Ca2+-ATPase in developing chick skeletal muscle.
1987,
Pubmed
Kilmartin,
Rat monoclonal antitubulin antibodies derived by using a new nonsecreting rat cell line.
1982,
Pubmed
Klymkowsky,
Polar asymmetry in the organization of the cortical cytokeratin system of Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
McDonald,
Osmium ferricyanide fixation improves microfilament preservation and membrane visualization in a variety of animal cell types.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
McDonald,
The kinesin-like ncd protein of Drosophila is a minus end-directed microtubule motor.
1990,
Pubmed
Neighbors,
Localization of kinesin in cultured cells.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Pfister,
Monoclonal antibodies to kinesin heavy and light chains stain vesicle-like structures, but not microtubules, in cultured cells.
1989,
Pubmed
Sardet,
The egg cortex: from maturation through fertilization.
1987,
Pubmed
Saxton,
Drosophila kinesin: characterization of microtubule motility and ATPase.
1988,
Pubmed
Scharf,
Axis determination in eggs of Xenopus laevis: a critical period before first cleavage, identified by the common effects of cold, pressure and ultraviolet irradiation.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schliwa,
Calcium lability of cytoplasmic microtubules and its modulation by microtubule-associated proteins.
1981,
Pubmed
Scholey,
Identification of globular mechanochemical heads of kinesin.
1989,
Pubmed
Terasaki,
Microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum are highly interdependent structures.
1986,
Pubmed
Towbin,
Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.
1979,
Pubmed
Vale,
Formation of membrane networks in vitro by kinesin-driven microtubule movement.
1988,
Pubmed
Vale,
One motor, many tails: an expanding repertoire of force-generating enzymes.
1990,
Pubmed
Vincent,
Kinematics of gray crescent formation in Xenopus eggs: the displacement of subcortical cytoplasm relative to the egg surface.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Vincent,
Subcortical rotation in Xenopus eggs: a preliminary study of its mechanochemical basis.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Walker,
The Drosophila claret segregation protein is a minus-end directed motor molecule.
1990,
Pubmed
Wright,
Subcellular localization and sequence of sea urchin kinesin heavy chain: evidence for its association with membranes in the mitotic apparatus and interphase cytoplasm.
1991,
Pubmed
