Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Interphase Xenopus egg extracts form extensive tubular membrane networks in vitro. These networks are identified here as endoplasmic reticulum by the presence of ER resident proteins, as shown by immunofluorescence, and by the presence of single ribosomes and polysomes, as shown by electron microscopy. The effect of phosphorylation on ER movement in interphase was tested using the phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid. Okadaic acid treatment resulted in an increase of up to 27-fold in the number of ER tubules moving and in the extent of ER networks formed compared to control extracts. This activation was blocked by the broad-specificity kinase inhibitor 6-dimethylaminopurine. Okadaic acid had no effect, however, on the direction of ER tubule movement, which occurred towards the minus end of microtubules, and was sensitive to low concentrations of vanadate. Inhibition of phosphatases also had no effect on the speed or duration of ER tubule extensions, and did not stimulate the activity of soluble cytoplasmic dynein. The sensitivity of ER movement to okadaic acid closely matched that of protein phosphatase 1. Although the amount of ER motility was greatly increased by inhibiting protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), the amount of cytoplasmic dynein associated with the membrane was not altered. The data support a model in which phosphorylation regulates ER movement by controlling the activity of cytoplasmic dynein bound to the ER membrane.
Alexandrova,
Motility of intracellular particles in rat fibroblasts is greatly enhanced by phorbol ester and by over-expression of normal p21N-ras.
1993, Pubmed
Alexandrova,
Motility of intracellular particles in rat fibroblasts is greatly enhanced by phorbol ester and by over-expression of normal p21N-ras.
1993,
Pubmed
Allan,
Movement of membrane tubules along microtubules in vitro: evidence for specialised sites of motor attachment.
1994,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Allan,
Cell cycle control of microtubule-based membrane transport and tubule formation in vitro.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Allan,
Assay of membrane motility in interphase and metaphase Xenopus extracts.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bialojan,
Inhibitory effect of a marine-sponge toxin, okadaic acid, on protein phosphatases. Specificity and kinetics.
1988,
Pubmed
Bloom,
GTP gamma S inhibits organelle transport along axonal microtubules.
1993,
Pubmed
Brautigan,
Cell cycle oscillation of phosphatase inhibitor-2 in rat fibroblasts coincident with p34cdc2 restriction.
1990,
Pubmed
Brewis,
PPX, a novel protein serine/threonine phosphatase localized to centrosomes.
1993,
Pubmed
Clarke,
Dephosphorylation of cdc25-C by a type-2A protein phosphatase: specific regulation during the cell cycle in Xenopus egg extracts.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Cohen,
An improved procedure for identifying and quantitating protein phosphatases in mammalian tissues.
1989,
Pubmed
Cooper,
Tubulovesicular processes emerge from trans-Golgi cisternae, extend along microtubules, and interlink adjacent trans-golgi elements into a reticulum.
1990,
Pubmed
Dabora,
The microtubule-dependent formation of a tubulovesicular network with characteristics of the ER from cultured cell extracts.
1988,
Pubmed
Félix,
Cdc2 H1 kinase is negatively regulated by a type 2A phosphatase in the Xenopus early embryonic cell cycle: evidence from the effects of okadaic acid.
1990,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Fernandez,
Protein phosphatase type 1 in mammalian cell mitosis: chromosomal localization and involvement in mitotic exit.
1992,
Pubmed
Ferrigno,
Protein phosphatase 2A1 is the major enzyme in vertebrate cell extracts that dephosphorylates several physiological substrates for cyclin-dependent protein kinases.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Fuhrmann,
Coincidence of endoplasmic reticulum pattern as visualized by FITC-Con A-fluorescence and electron microscopy.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Gibbons,
A latent adenosine triphosphatase form of dynein 1 from sea urchin sperm flagella.
1979,
Pubmed
Gill,
Dynactin, a conserved, ubiquitously expressed component of an activator of vesicle motility mediated by cytoplasmic dynein.
1991,
Pubmed
Gliksman,
Okadaic acid induces interphase to mitotic-like microtubule dynamic instability by inactivating rescue.
1992,
Pubmed
Hamm-Alvarez,
Regulation of vesicle transport in CV-1 cells and extracts.
1993,
Pubmed
Hartmann,
A tetrameric complex of membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
1993,
Pubmed
Henson,
Immunolocalization of kinesin in sea urchin coelomocytes. Association of kinesin with intracellular organelles.
1992,
Pubmed
Heuser,
Changes in lysosome shape and distribution correlated with changes in cytoplasmic pH.
1989,
Pubmed
Ho,
Reclustering of scattered Golgi elements occurs along microtubules.
1989,
Pubmed
Hollenbeck,
Radial extension of macrophage tubular lysosomes supported by kinesin.
1990,
Pubmed
Hollenbeck,
The distribution, abundance and subcellular localization of kinesin.
1989,
Pubmed
Hollenbeck,
Phosphorylation of neuronal kinesin heavy and light chains in vivo.
1993,
Pubmed
Holzbaur,
Homology of a 150K cytoplasmic dynein-associated polypeptide with the Drosophila gene Glued.
1991,
Pubmed
Hopkins,
Movement of internalized ligand-receptor complexes along a continuous endosomal reticulum.
1990,
Pubmed
Houliston,
Evidence for the involvement of microtubules, ER, and kinesin in the cortical rotation of fertilized frog eggs.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hubbard,
Targetting of protein phosphatase 1 to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle by a protein that is very similar or identical to the G subunit that directs the enzyme to glycogen.
1990,
Pubmed
Johnson,
Localization of mitochondria in living cells with rhodamine 123.
1980,
Pubmed
Lee,
Dynamic behavior of endoplasmic reticulum in living cells.
1988,
Pubmed
Lee,
Construction of the endoplasmic reticulum.
1989,
Pubmed
Lee-Eiford,
Specific cleavage of dynein heavy chains by ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of ATP and vanadate.
1986,
Pubmed
Lin,
Regulation of the intracellular distribution of cytoplasmic dynein by serum factors and calcium.
1993,
Pubmed
Lippincott-Schwartz,
Microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of proteins into the ER in the presence of brefeldin A suggests an ER recycling pathway.
1990,
Pubmed
Lucocq,
Okadaic acid induces Golgi apparatus fragmentation and arrest of intracellular transport.
1991,
Pubmed
Matthies,
Calmodulin binding to and cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of kinesin light chains modulate kinesin ATPase activity.
1993,
Pubmed
McIlvain,
Regulation of kinesin activity by phosphorylation of kinesin-associated proteins.
1994,
Pubmed
Miller,
Visualization of bacterial genes in action.
1970,
Pubmed
Morris,
The regulation of bidirectional mitochondrial transport is coordinated with axonal outgrowth.
1993,
Pubmed
Murray,
Cell cycle extracts.
1991,
Pubmed
Osborn,
Immunofluorescence and immunocytochemical procedures with affinity purified antibodies: tubulin-containing structures.
1982,
Pubmed
Paschal,
Retrograde transport by the microtubule-associated protein MAP 1C.
,
Pubmed
Paschal,
MAP 1C is a microtubule-activated ATPase which translocates microtubules in vitro and has dynein-like properties.
1987,
Pubmed
Picard,
Involvement of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in the control of M phase-promoting factor activity in starfish.
1989,
Pubmed
Prehn,
Structure and biosynthesis of the signal-sequence receptor.
1990,
Pubmed
Rajasekaran,
Structural reorganization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum without size expansion accounts for dexamethasone-induced secretory activity in AR42J cells.
1993,
Pubmed
Rime,
6-Dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP), a reversible inhibitor of the transition to metaphase during the first meiotic cell division of the mouse oocyte.
1989,
Pubmed
Rodionov,
Kinesin is responsible for centrifugal movement of pigment granules in melanophores.
1991,
Pubmed
Sato-Yoshitake,
The phosphorylation of kinesin regulates its binding to synaptic vesicles.
1992,
Pubmed
Schroer,
Two activators of microtubule-based vesicle transport.
1991,
Pubmed
Schroer,
Cytoplasmic dynein is a minus end-directed motor for membranous organelles.
1989,
Pubmed
Sheetz,
Myosin movement in vitro: a quantitative assay using oriented actin cables from Nitella.
1986,
Pubmed
Steuer,
Localization of cytoplasmic dynein to mitotic spindles and kinetochores.
1990,
Pubmed
Swanson,
Tubular lysosome morphology and distribution within macrophages depend on the integrity of cytoplasmic microtubules.
1987,
Pubmed
Terasaki,
Characterization of endoplasmic reticulum by co-localization of BiP and dicarbocyanine dyes.
1992,
Pubmed
Terasaki,
Microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum are highly interdependent structures.
1986,
Pubmed
Thaler,
Regulation of organelle transport in melanophores by calcineurin.
1990,
Pubmed
Toyoshima,
Kinectin, a major kinesin-binding protein on ER.
1992,
Pubmed
Vale,
Identification of a novel force-generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility.
1985,
Pubmed
Vandré,
Inhibition of mitosis by okadaic acid: possible involvement of a protein phosphatase 2A in the transition from metaphase to anaphase.
1992,
Pubmed
Vaux,
Identification by anti-idiotype antibodies of an intracellular membrane protein that recognizes a mammalian endoplasmic reticulum retention signal.
1990,
Pubmed
Verde,
Taxol-induced microtubule asters in mitotic extracts of Xenopus eggs: requirement for phosphorylated factors and cytoplasmic dynein.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Virtanen,
Subcellular compartmentalization of saccharide moieties in cultured normal and malignant cells.
1980,
Pubmed
Walker,
Multiple roles for protein phosphatase 1 in regulating the Xenopus early embryonic cell cycle.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wright,
Subcellular localization and sequence of sea urchin kinesin heavy chain: evidence for its association with membranes in the mitotic apparatus and interphase cytoplasm.
1991,
Pubmed
Yamashita,
Okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases, activates cdc2/H1 kinase and transiently induces a premature mitosis-like state in BHK21 cells.
1990,
Pubmed
