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Dev Dyn
2004 Sep 01;2311:214-20. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20113.
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Matrix metalloproteinase genes in Xenopus development.
Harrison M
,
Abu-Elmagd M
,
Grocott T
,
Yates C
,
Gavrilovic J
,
Wheeler GN
.
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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteins in vertebrates, consisting of over 24 genes in humans, only a few of which have been identified in Xenopus. Three genes coding for MMPs in Xenopus have been identified and their expression studied during development. The membrane-bound XMMP-14 and -15 (XMT1-MMP and XMT2-MMP) both showed restricted expression patterns, the former principally localising to cranial neural crest tissues and the latter to the epidermis of the embryo. XMMP-7 codes for an MMP that lacks the hemopexin-like domain. It is expressed exclusively in macrophages or other myeloid cell types from early in development.
Figure 4. In situ hybridization with the MMP-14 antisense probe. A: Stage 18. B: Stage 20. Bi: Sense control. C: Stage 22. D: Stage 26. E: Stage 26. F: Stage 31. G: Stage 35/36. H: Stage 18. I: Stage 23. J: Stage 18. All views are lateral, with dorsal at the top and anterior to the left of the image, except C, H, I, and J. C is a dorsal view, anterior to the left. H and I are transverse sections through the anterior region of the embryo with dorsal to the top. J is a dorsal view with anterior facing. D and E are similar stage embryos. D was developed for a longer period than E. J is a double in situ with Krox-20 in red and XMMP-14 in blue. In this case, the XMMP-14 probe was underdeveloped; otherwise, it would completely mask Krox-20 in red. Colocalization of the red and blue can clearly be seen for rhombomere 5. For rhombomere 3, the XMMP-14 has not been developed enough to be visible, although staining can clearly be seen for XMMP-14 in rhombomere 3 in A. AR, archenteron; BA, branchial arches; CC, cephalic neural crest; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NC, neural crest; NG, neural groove; NO, notochord; NT, neural tube; PD, proctodeum; R, Rhombomeres; TB, tail bud; TNC, trunk neural crest.
Figure 5. In situ hybridization with the MMP-15 antisense probe. A: Stage 20. B: Stage 24. Bi: Sense control. C: Stage 29-30. D: Stage 32. E: Stage 32. F: Stage 37-38. G: Stage 13. H: Stage 29/30. All views except G and H are from the leftlateral, with dorsal at the top and anterior to the left of the image. G is a parasagittal section with dorsal at the top and ventral at the bottom. H is a transverse section with dorsal to the top. AR, archenteron; BC, blastocoele cavity; DL, dorsal blastopore; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NT, neural tube; NO, Notochord.
Figure 6. In situ hybridization with the XMMP-7 antisense probe. A: Stage 18. B: Stage 20. C: Stage 22. D: Stage 26. E: Stage 27. F: Stage 35/36. Fi: Sense control (slight spottiness is the endogenous pigment cells). G: Stage 35. H: Stage 22. I: Stage 26. J: Stage 27. All views are lateral, with dorsal at the top and anterior to the left of the image except B, C, H-J. B and C are ventral views, anterior to the left of the image. G is a close up of the trunk of a stage 35 embryo. Gi is a brightfield image showing XMMP-7 (blue) and XPOX-2 (red). Gii is the same image except viewed under fluorescent light. Fast Red stain associated with XPOX-2 probe clearly fluoresces in the red channel. Colocalization of the blue and red cells can clearly be seen (arrowheads). Some XPOX-2-expressing cells appear not to express XMMP-7, but this finding is due to underdevelopment of the XMMP-7 in situ, which might otherwise have masked the XPOX-2 signal. H-J are transverse sections with dorsal to the top. Arrows point to specific expression in single cells.
