Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract??? Nodal and related proteins play central roles in axes formation, mesendoderm induction, neural patterning, and left-right development. However, Xenopus nodal-related 3 (Xnr3) has unique activities in regulating neural induction and convergent extension movements. Xnr3 is distinguished from other transforming growth factor-beta superfamily members by the absence of the seventh conserved cysteine at the C terminus of the protein, and little is known about the molecular mechanism of Xnr3 action. In this study, we report a novel and unique mechanism of action that the mature region of Xenopus tropicalis nodal-related 3 (Xtnr3) functions as a monomer. Comparative analyses between Xtnr3 and Xnr5 revealed regions required for dimerization: (1) a conserved glycine, (2) the seventh cysteine, and (3) a putative alpha-helix located between the third and the fourth cysteines. These results indicate that the mature region of Nodal-related 3 entirely differs from other Nodal-related proteins in its mechanism of action.
Akiyama,
Parallel Protein Information Analysis (PAPIA) System Running on a 64-Node PC Cluster.
1998, Pubmed
Akiyama,
Parallel Protein Information Analysis (PAPIA) System Running on a 64-Node PC Cluster.
1998,
Pubmed
Dorey,
A novel Cripto-related protein reveals an essential role for EGF-CFCs in Nodal signalling in Xenopus embryos.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ezal,
Primary structure requirements for Xenopus nodal-related 3 and a comparison with regions required by Xenopus nodal-related 2.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Glinka,
Combinatorial signalling by Xwnt-11 and Xnr3 in the organizer epithelium.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Griffith,
Three-dimensional structure of recombinant human osteogenic protein 1: structural paradigm for the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.
1996,
Pubmed
Hansen,
Direct neural induction and selective inhibition of mesoderm and epidermis inducers by Xnr3.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Haramoto,
Two distinct domains in pro-region of Nodal-related 3 are essential for BMP inhibition.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Haramoto,
Xenopus tropicalis nodal-related gene 3 regulates BMP signaling: an essential role for the pro-region.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Le Good,
Nodal stability determines signaling range.
2005,
Pubmed
Meno,
Left-right asymmetric expression of the TGF beta-family member lefty in mouse embryos.
1996,
Pubmed
Moustakas,
Non-Smad TGF-beta signals.
2005,
Pubmed
Onuma,
Xnr2 and Xnr5 unprocessed proteins inhibit Wnt signaling upstream of dishevelled.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Onuma,
Multiple nodal-related genes act coordinately in Xenopus embryogenesis.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Osada,
Xenopus nodal-related signaling is essential for mesendodermal patterning during early embryogenesis.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sakuma,
Inhibition of Nodal signalling by Lefty mediated through interaction with common receptors and efficient diffusion.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schlunegger,
An unusual feature revealed by the crystal structure at 2.2 A resolution of human transforming growth factor-beta 2.
1992,
Pubmed
Sebald,
Molecular recognition in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/receptor interaction.
2004,
Pubmed
Shi,
Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus.
2003,
Pubmed
Smith,
A nodal-related gene defines a physical and functional domain within the Spemann organizer.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Smith,
Expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tada,
Analysis of competence and of Brachyury autoinduction by use of hormone-inducible Xbra.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Takahashi,
Nodal-related gene Xnr5 is amplified in the Xenopus genome.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Takahashi,
Two novel nodal-related genes initiate early inductive events in Xenopus Nieuwkoop center.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tanegashima,
Xantivin suppresses the activity of EGF-CFC genes to regulate nodal signaling.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Thisse,
Antivin, a novel and divergent member of the TGFbeta superfamily, negatively regulates mesoderm induction.
1999,
Pubmed
Yokota,
A novel role for a nodal-related protein; Xnr3 regulates convergent extension movements via the FGF receptor.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
