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Figure 1. Early Development in X. laevisAfter fertilization, dorsal determinants are transported from the vegetal pole to one side of the embryo, where β-catenin will achieve nuclear localization. By 32 cells, the row of cells labeled 1 is specified as dorsal. Movements towards the vegetal pole (arrow) start at early cleavage stages. The organizer forms from C1 and B1 progenitors, the dorsal ectoderm or BCNE mostly from A1 progenitors (see Figure 2). The organizer is indicated in the gastrulaembryo. See the text for further explanation.
Figure 2. Expression Patterns in Dorsal EctodermExpression patterns of selected genes in the late blastula of Xenopus, based on the work of Kuroda et al. (2004). See the text for further explanation.
Bertrand,
Neural tissue in ascidian embryos is induced by FGF9/16/20, acting via a combination of maternal GATA and Ets transcription factors.
2003, Pubmed
Bertrand,
Neural tissue in ascidian embryos is induced by FGF9/16/20, acting via a combination of maternal GATA and Ets transcription factors.
2003,
Pubmed
Gerhart,
Cortical rotation of the Xenopus egg: consequences for the anteroposterior pattern of embryonic dorsal development.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hardcastle,
FGF-8 stimulates neuronal differentiation through FGFR-4a and interferes with mesoderm induction in Xenopus embryos.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hibi,
Organizer formation and function.
2002,
Pubmed
Hongo,
FGF signaling and the anterior neural induction in Xenopus.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kimelman,
Synergistic principles of development: overlapping patterning systems in Xenopus mesoderm induction.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kudoh,
Distinct roles for Fgf, Wnt and retinoic acid in posteriorizing the neural ectoderm.
2002,
Pubmed
Kuroda,
Neural induction in Xenopus: requirement for ectodermal and endomesodermal signals via Chordin, Noggin, beta-Catenin, and Cerberus.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Lamb,
Fibroblast growth factor is a direct neural inducer, which combined with noggin generates anterior-posterior neural pattern.
1995,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Lane,
Rethinking axial patterning in amphibians.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Lane,
The origins of primitive blood in Xenopus: implications for axial patterning.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Lane,
Designation of the anterior/posterior axis in pregastrula Xenopus laevis.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Launay,
A truncated FGF receptor blocks neural induction by endogenous Xenopus inducers.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Pera,
Integration of IGF, FGF, and anti-BMP signals via Smad1 phosphorylation in neural induction.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sasai,
Ectodermal patterning in vertebrate embryos.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schneider,
Beta-catenin translocation into nuclei demarcates the dorsalizing centers in frog and fish embryos.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schohl,
Beta-catenin, MAPK and Smad signaling during early Xenopus development.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sharpe,
A homeobox-containing marker of posterior neural differentiation shows the importance of predetermination in neural induction.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Sheng,
Churchill, a zinc finger transcriptional activator, regulates the transition between gastrulation and neurulation.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Song,
XFGF-9: a new fibroblast growth factor from Xenopus embryos.
1996,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Stern,
Induction and initial patterning of the nervous system - the chick embryo enters the scene.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Streit,
Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation.
2000,
Pubmed
Streit,
Neural induction. A bird's eye view.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Weinstein,
Neural induction in Xenopus laevis: evidence for the default model.
1997,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Wilson,
Neural induction: toward a unifying mechanism.
2001,
Pubmed