XB-ART-41540
Dev Biol
2010 Aug 01;3441:377-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.016.
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Opposing Nodal/Vg1 and BMP signals mediate axial patterning in embryos of the basal chordate amphioxus.
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The basal chordate amphioxus resembles vertebrates in having a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord and somites. However, it lacks extensive gene duplications, and its embryos are small and gastrulate by simple invagination. Here we demonstrate that Nodal/Vg1 signaling acts from early cleavage through the gastrula stage to specify and maintain dorsal/anterior development while, starting at the early gastrula stage, BMP signaling promotes ventral/posterior identity. Knockdown and gain-of-function experiments show that these pathways act in opposition to one another. Signaling by these pathways is modulated by dorsally and/or anteriorly expressed genes including Chordin, Cerberus, and Blimp1. Overexpression and/or reporter assays in Xenopus demonstrate that the functions of these proteins are conserved between amphioxus and vertebrates. Thus, a fundamental genetic mechanism for axial patterning involving opposing Nodal and BMP signaling is present in amphioxus and probably also in the common ancestor of amphioxus and vertebrates or even earlier in deuterostome evolution.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink??? 20488174
???displayArticle.pmcLink??? PMC4781670
???displayArticle.link??? Dev Biol
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GM075018 NIGMS NIH HHS , Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council , R01 GM075018-01 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 HD056219-01A2 NICHD NIH HHS , R01 HD056219-04 NICHD NIH HHS , R01 GM075018 NIGMS NIH HHS , R01 HD056219 NICHD NIH HHS
Species referenced: Xenopus
Genes referenced: bmp4 cer1 chrd gdf1 nodal nodal1 prdm1 ventx2.2
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Fig. 7. Experiments in Xenopus show conserved protein functions. (A–F) Injections into marginal zones of 4-cell Xenopus embryos except for B. (A) Uninjected control. (B) 10 pg/cell amphioxus Cerberus mRNA in D4 blastomere at 32 cell stage induces secondary axis. (C) 100 pg/cell amphioxus Blimp1 mRNA expands ventral structures. (D) 500 pg/cell amphioxus Blimp1 mRNA reduces head structures and expands ventral ones. (E) 100 pg/cell amphioxus BMP2/4 mRNA ventralizes. (F) 10 pg/cell amphioxus Chordin mRNA enlarges the cement gland. (G–J) Assays of amphioxus proteins in Xenopus animal caps. (G) BMP responsive reporter assay. Amphioxus Chordin and Cerberus suppress signaling by Xenopus BMP4, as monitored by transcription from an Xvent2 reporter. (H) Amphioxus Blimp1 induces transcription from a Nodal-responsive (Xmix2) reporter construct. (I) Nodal-responsive assay. Amphioxus Cerberus suppresses amphioxus Nodal. (J) Activin response assay. Amphioxus Cerberus suppresses Xenopus Activin signaling. Experiments done twice with comparable results; error bars ± 1 s.d. |
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