Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Photoreceptor guanylate cyclase (GC1) is a transmembrane protein and responsible for synthesis of cGMP, the secondary messenger of phototransduction. It consists of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. It is unknown how GC1 targets to the outer segments where it resides. To identify a putative GC1 targeting signal, we generated a series of peripheral membrane and transmembrane constructs encoding extracellular and intracellular mouse GC1 fragments fused to EGFP. The constructs were expressed in Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors under the control of the rhodopsin promoter. We examined the localization of GFP-GC1 fusion proteins containing the complete GC1 sequence, or partial GC1 sequences, which were membrane-associated via either the GC1 transmembrane domain or the rhodopsin C-terminal palmitoyl chains. Full-length GFP-GC1 targeted to the rod outer segment disk rims. As a group, fusion proteins containing the entire cytoplasmic domain of GC1 targeted to the OS, whereas other fusion proteins containing portions of the cytoplasmic or the extracellular domains did not. We conclude that GC1 likely has no single linear peptide-based OS targeting signal. Our results suggest targeting is due to either multiple weak signals in the cytoplasmic domain of GC1, or co-transport to the OS with an accessory protein.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink???
21945483
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC3205228 ???displayArticle.link???Vision Res ???displayArticle.grants???[+]
Avasthi,
Trafficking of membrane proteins to cone but not rod outer segments is dependent on heterotrimeric kinesin-II.
2009, Pubmed
Avasthi,
Trafficking of membrane proteins to cone but not rod outer segments is dependent on heterotrimeric kinesin-II.
2009,
Pubmed
Azadi,
RD3, the protein associated with Leber congenital amaurosis type 12, is required for guanylate cyclase trafficking in photoreceptor cells.
2010,
Pubmed
Baehr,
The function of guanylate cyclase 1 and guanylate cyclase 2 in rod and cone photoreceptors.
2007,
Pubmed
Baker,
The outer segment serves as a default destination for the trafficking of membrane proteins in photoreceptors.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bereta,
A functional kinase homology domain is essential for the activity of photoreceptor guanylate cyclase 1.
2010,
Pubmed
Bhowmick,
Photoreceptor IFT complexes containing chaperones, guanylyl cyclase 1 and rhodopsin.
2009,
Pubmed
Concepcion,
The carboxyl-terminal domain is essential for rhodopsin transport in rod photoreceptors.
2002,
Pubmed
Deretic,
Rhodopsin C terminus, the site of mutations causing retinal disease, regulates trafficking by binding to ADP-ribosylation factor 4 (ARF4).
2005,
Pubmed
Deretic,
Post-Golgi trafficking of rhodopsin in retinal photoreceptors.
1998,
Pubmed
Deretic,
Rab proteins and post-Golgi trafficking of rhodopsin in photoreceptor cells.
1997,
Pubmed
Deretic,
rab8 in retinal photoreceptors may participate in rhodopsin transport and in rod outer segment disk morphogenesis.
1995,
Pubmed
Downes,
Autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy with mutations in the guanylate cyclase 2D gene encoding retinal guanylate cyclase-1.
2001,
Pubmed
Duda,
Calcium modulation of bovine photoreceptor guanylate cyclase.
1996,
Pubmed
Fleischman,
Association of guanylate cyclase with the axoneme of retinal rods.
1980,
Pubmed
Friedman,
Premature truncation of a novel protein, RD3, exhibiting subnuclear localization is associated with retinal degeneration.
2006,
Pubmed
Hallett,
Distribution of guanylate cyclase within photoreceptor outer segments.
1996,
Pubmed
Humphries,
Retinopathy induced in mice by targeted disruption of the rhodopsin gene.
1997,
Pubmed
Ishibashi,
A method for generating transgenic frog embryos.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Karan,
Novel functions of photoreceptor guanylate cyclases revealed by targeted deletion.
2010,
Pubmed
Karan,
A model for transport of membrane-associated phototransduction polypeptides in rod and cone photoreceptor inner segments.
2008,
Pubmed
Kizhatil,
Ankyrin-G promotes cyclic nucleotide-gated channel transport to rod photoreceptor sensory cilia.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Laura,
The membrane guanylyl cyclase, retinal guanylyl cyclase-1, is activated through its intracellular domain.
1996,
Pubmed
Laura,
The kinase homology domain of retinal guanylyl cyclases 1 and 2 specifies the affinity and cooperativity of interaction with guanylyl cyclase activating protein-2.
1998,
Pubmed
Liu,
Ultrastructural localization of retinal guanylate cyclase in human and monkey retinas.
1994,
Pubmed
Luo,
An outer segment localization signal at the C terminus of the photoreceptor-specific retinol dehydrogenase.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Morgans,
A SNARE complex containing syntaxin 3 is present in ribbon synapses of the retina.
1996,
Pubmed
Moritz,
Fluorescent photoreceptors of transgenic Xenopus laevis imaged in vivo by two microscopy techniques.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Moritz,
Mutant rab8 Impairs docking and fusion of rhodopsin-bearing post-Golgi membranes and causes cell death of transgenic Xenopus rods.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Rodriguez-Boulan,
Organization of vesicular trafficking in epithelia.
2005,
Pubmed
Satoh,
Rab11 mediates post-Golgi trafficking of rhodopsin to the photosensitive apical membrane of Drosophila photoreceptors.
2005,
Pubmed
Sharma,
Apical targeting of syntaxin 3 is essential for epithelial cell polarity.
2006,
Pubmed
St Jules,
The localization and timing of post-translational modifications of rat rhodopsin.
1990,
Pubmed
Sung,
Rhodopsin trafficking and its role in retinal dystrophies.
2000,
Pubmed
Tam,
The C terminus of peripherin/rds participates in rod outer segment targeting and alignment of disk incisures.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tam,
Identification of an outer segment targeting signal in the COOH terminus of rhodopsin using transgenic Xenopus laevis.
2000,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Tucker,
Biochemical analysis of a dimerization domain mutation in RetGC-1 associated with dominant cone-rod dystrophy.
1999,
Pubmed
Wilkie,
Functional characterization of missense mutations at codon 838 in retinal guanylate cyclase correlates with disease severity in patients with autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy.
2000,
Pubmed
Wilson,
Identification of sequences mediating guanylyl cyclase dimerization.
1995,
Pubmed
Wu,
Raising Xenopus in the laboratory.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Yang,
Two eye guanylyl cyclases are expressed in the same photoreceptor cells and form homomers in preference to heteromers.
1997,
Pubmed
Yang,
Disruption of a retinal guanylyl cyclase gene leads to cone-specific dystrophy and paradoxical rod behavior.
1999,
Pubmed
Young,
The renewal of photoreceptor cell outer segments.
1967,
Pubmed
