Park EC et al. (2012), Analysis of the expression of microtubule plus-...

XB-ART-45139

Gene Expr Patterns 2012 Jan 01;125-6:204-12. doi: 10.1016/j.gep.2012.04.001.

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Analysis of the expression of microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis.

Park EC , Lee H , Hong Y , Kim MJ , Lee ZW , Kim SI , Kim S , Kim GH , Han JK .

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Microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton and are important for maintaining cell structure and providing platforms for intracellular transport in diverse cellular processes. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), a structurally and functionally diverse group of proteins, are specifically accumulated in the microtubule plus end and regulate dynamic microtubule behavior. We characterized the +TIPs, Clip1, p150(glued), Clasp1, Lis1 and Stim1, in Xenopus laevis and report their expression patterns during embryogenesis in this paper. All the five +TIP genes are maternally expressed and have similar expression patterns during Xenopus embryo development. The expression of +TIPs is localized in the animal hemisphere and ectoderm region at early stages of embryonic development. As development progresses to later stages, the ectodermal expression of +TIPs persists in head and neural tube structures. Clasp1, p150(glued) and Lis1 in particular are specifically expressed in the cranial nerves. Importantly, +TIPs are also expressed in the involuting mesoderm during gastrulation. This is the first study of developmental expression patterns of +TIPs, and our analysis provides insight that could serve as the basis for future research of microtubules in vertebrate development, cell movements during gastrulation and neurogenesis.

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Species referenced: Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: abl1 clasp1 clip1 dctn1 pafah1b1 stim1

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	Graphical abstract. Xenopus +TIPs expression in the involuting mesoderm during gastrulation.
	Fig. 3. Spatial expression pattern of Clip1 during early Xenopus development. Maternal Clip1 is localized in animal region and zygotic Clip1 becomes detectable in marginal region from the gastrulation. Clip1 is also expressed in the head region and somite at the tailbud stages. (A and C) Animal view. (B, D, H, and I) Lateral view. (E) Vegetal view. (F) Sagittal bisection view. (G) Dorsal view. (J) Sense control probe. Vegetal view. Arrow heads indicate the dorsal lip of blastopore. an, anterior neural border; ba, branchial arch; sm, somite.
	Fig. 4. Spatial expression pattern of p150glued. p150glued is expressed in animal region during cleavage stages and in marginal region during gastrulation. At tailbud stages, p150glued is detected in neuronal tissues. (A and C) Animal view. (B, D, and I) Lateral view. (E) Vegetal view. (F) Sagittal bisection view. (G) Dorsal view. (H) Anterior view. (J) Sense control probe. Vegetal view. Arrowheads indicate the dorsal lip of blastopore. ba, branchial arch; cg, cement gland; cn, cranial nerves; gp, ganglia precursor; of, olfactory pit; op, olfactory placode; pd, pronephric duct; sc, spinal cord.
	Fig. 5. Spatial expression pattern of Clasp1. Clasp1 is expressed in animal region at until blastula stages. Then the expression of Clasp1 is also observed in marginal region during gastrulation. At tailbud stages, Clasp1 shows broad expression in neural tissues. (A and C) Animal view. (B, D, H, and I) Lateral view. (E) Vegetal view. (F) Sagittal bisection view. (G) Dorsal view. (J) Sense control probe. Vegetal view. Arrowheads indicate the dorsal lip of blastopore. an, anterior neural border; ba, branchial arch; cn, cranial nerves; nt, neural tube; sc, spinal cord.
	Fig. 6. Spatial expression pattern of Lis1. Lis1 is detected in the animal region until blastula stages and becomes expressed in marginal region at gastrula stages. Lis1 also shows specific expressions in the cranial ganglia and nerves, spinal cord, and notochord at tailbud stages. (A and C) Animal view. (B, D, H, and I) Lateral view. (E) Vegetal view. (F) Sagittal bisection view. (G) Dorsal view. (J) Sense control probe. Vegetal view. Arrowheads indicate the dorsal lip of blastopore. an, anterior neural border; cn, cranial nerves; nc, notochord; of, olfactory pit; sc, spinal cord.
	Fig. 7. Spatial expression pattern of Stim1. Stim1 is observed in the animal region in cleavage stages and in marginal zone at gastrula stages. At tailbud stages, Stim1 is weakly expressed head region. Stim1 also shows exclusive expression in cement gland and somite. (A and C) Animal view. (B, D, H, and I) Lateral view. (E) Vegetal view. (F) Sagittal bisection view. (G) Dorsal view. (J) Sense control probe. Vegetal view. Arrowheads indicate the dorsal lip of blastopore. an, anterior neural border; cg, cement gland; sm, somite.
	clip1 (CAP-GLY domain containing linker protein 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 3 (4-cell), animal view.
	clip1 (CAP-GLY domain containing linker protein 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 8, lateral view, dorsal up.
	clip1 (CAP-GLY domain containing linker protein 1) gene expression in bisected Xenopus laevis embryo, mid-sagittal section, via in situ hybridization, NF stage 10.5, dorsal right, anterior up.
	clip1 (CAP-GLY domain containing linker protein 1) gene expression in bisected Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 18, lateral view, anterior right, dorsal up.

	dctn1 (dynactin 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 3 (4-cell), animal view.
	dctn1 (dynactin 1) gene expression in bisected Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 8, animal view.
	dctn1 (dynactin 1) gene expression in bisected Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 10.5, dorsal up.
	dctn1 (dynactin 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 20, anterior view, dorsal up.

	clasp1 (cytoplasmic linker associated protein 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 3 (4 cell), animal view.
	clasp1 (cytoplasmic linker associated protein 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 3, lateral view, animal pole up.
	clasp1 (cytoplasmic linker associated protein 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, mid-sagittal section, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 10.5, dorsal right, animal pole up.
	clasp1 (cytoplasmic linker associated protein 1) gene expression in bisected Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 18, dorsal view, anterior left.

	pafah1b1 (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 (45kDa))gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 3(4-cell), animal view.
	pafah1b1 (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 (45kDa))gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 8, lateral view, animal pole up.
	pafah1b1 (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 (45kDa))gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, mid-sagittal section, NF stage 10.5, lateral view, dorsal right.
	pafah1b1 (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 (45kDa))gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 19, lateral view, dorsal up, anterior left.

	stim1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 3 (4-cell), animal view.
	stim1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 8, lateral view, animal pole up.
	stim1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) gene expression in bisected Xenopus laevis embryo, mid-sagittal section, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 10.5, dorsal right, anterior up.
	stim1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, assayed via in situ hybridization, NF stage 20, G: dorsal view, anterior left; H: lateral view, anterior left, dorsal up.