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ScientificWorldJournal
2012 Jan 01;2012:689287. doi: 10.1100/2012/689287.
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Molecular cloning of phd1 and comparative analysis of phd1, 2, and 3 expression in Xenopus laevis.
Han D
,
Wen L
.
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Intensive gene targeting studies in mice have revealed that prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) play important roles in murine embryonic development; however, the expression patterns and function of these genes during embryogenesis of other vertebrates remain largely unknown. Here we report the molecular cloning of phd1 and systematic analysis of phd1, phd2, and phd3 expression in embryos as well as adult tissues of Xenopus laevis. All three phds are maternally provided during Xenopus early development. The spatial expression patterns of phds genes in Xenopus embryos appear to define a distinct synexpression group. Frog phd2 and phd3 showed complementary expression in adult tissues with phd2 transcription levels being high in the eye, brain, and intestine, but low in the liver, pancreas, and kidney. On the contrary, expression levels of phd3 are high in the liver, pancreas, and kidney, but low in the eye, brain, and intestine. All three phds are highly expressed in testes, ovary, gall bladder, and spleen. Among three phds, phd3 showed strongest expression in heart.
Figure 3. Spatial expression of phd1, 2, and 3 in Xenopus embryos revealed by whole-mount in situ hybridization. (a–a′′) Lateral views with animal pole up. (b–b′′) Dorsal views with head towards left. (c–c′′) Lateral views with head towards left. (d–d′′) Ventral views with head towards left. (e–e′′) Dorsal views with head towards left. (f–g′′) Lateral views with head towards left. (h–h′′). Higher magnification views of (g), (g′), and (g′′), respectively. (i) Ventral view of (f′′) with head towards left.
Figure 1. Predicted primary sequence of Xenopus phd1 in comparison with human and mouse Phd1. Stars indicate identical amino acids in all three species. Hyphens represent gaps introduced for optimizing the alignment. Dashed rectangles demarcate the highly conserved prolyl 4 hydroxylase domain. ID stands for the percentage of amino acid identity of Xenopus laevis phd1 in comparison with human and mouse Phd1.
Figure 4. Temporal expression profile and adult tissue expression patterns of phd1, 2, and 3 revealed by RT-PCR analyses. (a) Temporal expression profile of phd1, 2, and 3 in Xenopus embryos. (b) Expression of phds in Xenopus adult tissues. odc was employed as a loading control. UE: unfertilized eggs.
Figure 2. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of three Xenopus phds. Stars indicate identical amino acids in all three phds. Hyphens represent gaps introduced for optimizing the alignment. Dashed rectangles demarcate the highly conserved prolyl 4 hydroxylase domain. ID stands for the percentage of amino acid identity of Xenopus laevis phd1 in comparison with Xenopus phd2 and phd3.
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