Roubos EW , Jenks BG , Xu L , Kuribara M , Scheenen WJ , Kozicz T .

	Figure 1. Summarizing scheme of the regulation by the caudodorsal cells (CDC) of Lymnaea stagnalis of overt (visible) and covert (invisible) aspects of egg-laying behavior by, respectively, neurohemal peptide release from axon terminals in the periphery of the cerebral commissure and non-synaptic peptide release from axon collaterals in the inner part of the commissure. Overt aspects include the activation of muscles in the foot for locomotion during substrate cleaning (bottom left) and of muscles attached to the shell for shell turning (bottom right), while covert aspects include the induction of ovulation and the activation of accessory sex glands to produce an egg mass (top). For details on these aspects, see text. LC, left cerebral ganglion; LP, left pedal ganglion; MN, motor neurons; RC, right cerebral ganglion; RN, Ring neuron; RP, right pedal ganglion.
	Figure 2. Transduction of various physiological environmental stimuli to the melanotrope cell of Xenopus laevis controlling the secretion of αMSH, via neurohemal nerve terminals in the pars nervosa and from synaptic terminals in the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); A, arginine-vasopressin receptor; ACh, acetylcholine; AVT, arginine-vasopressin; β, β-adrenergic receptor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; C, calcium-sensing receptor; C1, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1; C2, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2; Ca2+, calcium ion; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; D2, dopamine D2 receptor; DA, dopamine; Ga, GABAA receptor; Gb, GABAB receptor; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; M, mesotocin receptor; M1, muscarinic M1 receptor; ME, metenkephalin; Me, metenkephalin receptor; MT, mesotocin; NA, noradrenalin; NPY, neuropeptide Y; P, P75NTR receptor; PACAP, pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide; T, TrkB receptor; T3, thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor 3; TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone; Ucn1, urocortin 1; V1, VPAC1 receptor; Y1, NPY Y1 receptor. (Modified after Roubos et al., 2005.)
	Figure 3. Model of interactions between the npEW and the HPA-axis and other centers involved in stress adaptation and energy metabolism. Continuous lines indicate established interactions, dashed lines indicate presumed interactions; the dotted line refers to sex difference. 5HT, serotonin; ACTH, adrenocorticotrope hormone; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; C2, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide; CB, endocannabinoids; CB1, endocannabinoid receptor 1; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; DR, dorsal raphe nucleus; ERβ, estrogen receptor β; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GC, glucocorticoids; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; IN, interneuron; LH, lateral hypothalamus; LS, lateral septum; NPY, neuropeptide Y; ObR, leptin receptor; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; Ucn1, urocortin 1; Y-1/5; neuropeptide Y receptors 1 and 5. (Slightly modified after Derks, 2010.)

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