Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Xenopus has become an important tool for dissecting the mechanisms governing craniofacial development and defects. A method to quantify orofacial development will allow for more rigorous analysis of orofacial phenotypes upon abrogation with substances that can genetically or molecularly manipulate gene expression or protein function. Using two dimensional images of the embryonic heads, traditional size dimensions-such as orofacial width, height and area- are measured. In addition, a roundness measure of the embryonic mouth opening is used to describe the shape of the mouth. Geometric morphometrics of these two dimensional images is also performed to provide a more sophisticated view of changes in the shape of the orofacial region. Landmarks are assigned to specific points in the orofacial region and coordinates are created. A principle component analysis is used to reduce landmark coordinates to principle components that then discriminate the treatment groups. These results are displayed as a scatter plot in which individuals with similar orofacial shapes cluster together. It is also useful to perform a discriminant function analysis, which statistically compares the positions of the landmarks between two treatment groups. This analysis is displayed on a transformation grid where changes in landmark position are viewed as vectors. A grid is superimposed on these vectors so that a warping pattern is displayed to show where significant landmark positions have changed. Shape changes in the discriminant function analysis are based on a statistical measure, and therefore can be evaluated by a p-value. This analysis is simple and accessible, requiring only a stereoscope and freeware software, and thus will be a valuable research and teaching resource.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink???
25407252
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC4353423 ???displayArticle.link???J Vis Exp ???displayArticle.grants???[+]
Allam,
The spectrum of median craniofacial dysplasia.
2011, Pubmed
Allam,
The spectrum of median craniofacial dysplasia.
2011,
Pubmed
Barnett,
Williams Syndrome Transcription Factor is critical for neural crest cell function in Xenopus laevis.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Bugaighis,
3D facial morphometry in children with oral clefts.
2014,
Pubmed
Cooper,
Bentho-pelagic divergence of cichlid feeding architecture was prodigious and consistent during multiple adaptive radiations within African rift-lakes.
2010,
Pubmed
Cross,
Obtaining eggs from Xenopus laevis females.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dickinson,
Development of the primary mouth in Xenopus laevis.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dickinson,
Positioning the extreme anterior in Xenopus: cement gland, primary mouth and anterior pituitary.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Dickinson,
The Wnt antagonists Frzb-1 and Crescent locally regulate basement membrane dissolution in the developing primary mouth.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Farkas,
Surface anatomy of the face in Down's syndrome: anthropometric proportion indices in the craniofacial regions.
2001,
Pubmed
Farkas,
Surface anatomy of the face in Down's syndrome: age-related changes of anthropometric proportion indices in the craniofacial regions.
2002,
Pubmed
Gonzales,
Cloning and functional characterization of the Xenopus orthologue of the Treacher Collins syndrome (TCOF1) gene product.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kennedy,
Quantitative analysis of orofacial development and median clefts in Xenopus laevis.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kennedy,
Median facial clefts in Xenopus laevis: roles of retinoic acid signaling and homeobox genes.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Klingenberg,
Prenatal alcohol exposure alters the patterns of facial asymmetry.
2010,
Pubmed
Mossey,
Cleft lip and palate.
2009,
Pubmed
Parsons,
Morphogenesis of the zebrafish jaw: development beyond the embryo.
2011,
Pubmed
Reisoli,
Serotonin 2B receptor signaling is required for craniofacial morphogenesis and jaw joint formation in Xenopus.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Scheuer,
Prognosis of facial growth in patients with unilateral complete clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate.
2001,
Pubmed
Schuff,
FoxN3 is required for craniofacial and eye development of Xenopus laevis.
2007,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Slater,
Cranial osteogenesis and suture morphology in Xenopus laevis: a unique model system for studying craniofacial development.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Vandenberg,
Normalized shape and location of perturbed craniofacial structures in the Xenopus tadpole reveal an innate ability to achieve correct morphology.
2012,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Zhao,
Isolated cleft palate in mice with a targeted mutation of the LIM homeobox gene lhx8.
1999,
Pubmed
