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Growing evidence indicates that RNA G-quadruplexes have important roles in various processes such as transcription, translation, regulation of telomere length, and formation of telomeric heterochromatin. Investigation of RNA G-quadruplex structures associated with biological events is therefore essential to understanding the functions of these RNA molecules. We recently demonstrated that the sensitivity and simplicity of 19F NMR can be used to directly observe higher-order telomeric G-quadruplexes of labeled RNA molecules in vitro and in living cells, as well as their interactions with ligands and proteins. This protocol describes detailed procedures for preparing 19F-labeled RNA, the evaluation of 19F-labeled RNA G-quadruplexes in vitro and in living Xenopus laevis oocytes by 19F NMR spectroscopy, the quantitative characterization of thermodynamic properties of the G-quadruplexes, and monitoring of RNA G-quadruplex interactions with ligand molecules and proteins. This approach has several advantages over existing techniques. First, it is relatively easy to prepare 19F-labeled RNA molecules by introducing a 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene moiety into its 5' terminus. Second, the absence of any natural fluorine background signal in RNA and cells results in a simple and clear 19F NMR spectrum and does not suffer from high background signals as does 1H NMR. Finally, the simplicity and sensitivity of 19F NMR can be used to easily distinguish different RNA G-quadruplex conformations under various conditions, even in living cells, and to obtain the precise thermodynamic parameters of higher-order G-quadruplexes. This protocol can be completed in 2 weeks.
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