Heijo H , Shimogama S , Nakano S , Miyata A , Iwao Y , Hara Y .

             nuclear envelope
             regulation of nucleus size

	FIGURE 1:. Nuclear expansion dynamics after manipulation of DNA replication. (A) DNA, membrane, and incorporated TMR-dUTPs were visualized in the reconstructed nuclei in the presence of DNA replication inhibitors (APH, geminin, and p27) after the indicated incubation time. Merged images (top) of membrane (green) with TMR-dUTPs (magenta) and DNA (bottom) are shown. Broken circles represent the position of the nuclear membrane. Bars, 50 µm. (B) Dynamics of the intensities of the incorporated TMR-dUTPs in whole nuclei. The intensity was calculated by multiplying the measured mean TMR-dUTP intensity (/µm2) by the measured nuclear cross-sectional area. Each calculated value was divided by the mean value of the individual extract preparation after 120 min of incubation with X. laevis sperm chromatin. Control: n = 11; APH: n = 8; geminin: n = 3; p27: n = 4. (C) DNA (magenta) and membrane (green) were visualized in the nuclei from replicated chromatin in the second interphase of the cycling extract (cycled nuclei) and from sperm chromatin in the first interphase (control) after the indicated incubation time. Bars, 50 µm. (D) Dynamics of the measured mean cross-sectional area in the nuclei with X. laevis sperm chromatin in the presence of each DNA replication inhibitor (control: n = 34; APH: n = 20; geminin: n = 5; p27: n = 3) or with replicated chromatin in the cycling extract (cycled nuclei: n = 8). Average values are connected by a line in each data set. (E) Calculated expansion speeds and (F) measured maximum values of the nuclear cross-sectional area during incubation. Averages of values from each extract preparation are plotted. Error bars, SD. Asterisks, P value from Wilcoxon test compared with samples in the control. * and **, statistically significant difference, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively.
	FIGURE 2:. Nuclear expansion dynamics using different sperm chromatins. (A) DNA, membrane, and incorporated TMR-dUTPs were visualized in the reconstructed nuclei from X. laevis or X. tropicalis sperm chromatin in the presence of DMSO (buffer control) or APH after the indicated incubation time. Merged images (top) of membrane (green) and TMR-dUTP (magenta) and DNA (bottom) are shown. Broken circles represent the position of the nuclear membrane. Bars, 50 µm. (B) Dynamics of the measured mean cross-sectional area in the nuclei from X. laevis (blue, n = 34) or X. tropicalis (green, n = 12) sperm chromatin. (C) Dynamics of the measured mean cross-sectional area in the nuclei from X. laevis (pink, n = 20) or X. tropicalis (light blue, n = 12) sperm chromatin in the presence of APH. Average values are connected by a line in each data set. Error bars, SD. (D) Calculated expansion speeds and (E) measured maximum values of the nuclear cross-sectional area during incubation were plotted against the DNA content within the nucleus. Averages of values in each DNA content are fitted to the power law regression. Error bars, SD.
	FIGURE 3:. DNA-content–dependent nuclear expansion in in vivo X. laevis embryos. (A) Snapshots of representative time-lapse images in translucent blastomeres from diploid or haploid X. laevis embryos in each group of the cell volume. DNA visualized by Hoechest 33342 (left) and merged images with phase contrast image (right) are shown. Images were taken at 5 min intervals. Bars, 20 µm. (B) Dynamics of individual nuclear cross-sectional area (line) and average cross-sectional area (symbols) in each group of the cell volume from diploid (filled symbols) or haploid (open symbols) blastomeres after initiation of interphase. The cell volume was estimated from the measured cross-sectional area by considering the cell as a sphere, and the analyzing groups were categorized as Group 1 (blue: n = 48 [diploid], 67 [haploid]; 130,000−259,999 µm3), Group 2 (light blue: n = 116 [diploid], 131 [haploid]; 65,000−129,999 µm3), Group 3 (green: n = 95 [diploid], 108 [haploid]; 32,500−64,999 µm3), and Group 4 (orange: n = 46 [diploid], 52 [haploid]; 16,250−32,499 µm3). The values are connected by a line for each individual observation. (C) Average measured maximum values (plateau values or values at the final measurement prior to NEBD) or (D) calculated expansion speed of the nuclear cross-sectional area in diploid or haploid blastomeres from each group. Error bars, SD. Asterisks, P value from Wilcoxon test compared with the diploid data in each group. * and **, statistically significant difference, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively. n.s., no significant difference.
	FIGURE 4:. Accumulation of membranes on the surface of nuclei with less DNA content. (A) NPCs on the reconstructed nuclei from X. laevis or X. tropicalis sperm chromatin in the presence of DMSO (buffer control) or APH were visualized after 120 min of incubation. Bars, 20 µm. (B) Average intensities of NPC-positive membrane signals per pixel on the continuous line pattern (filled bars) and throughout the whole nuclear section (dotted bars) of samples with different DNA contents. X. laevis chromatin with DMSO: n = 85 (line), n = 82 (area); X. laevis chromatin with APH: n = 92 (line), n = 90 (area); X. tropicalis chromatin with DMSO: n = 93 (line), n = 93 (area); X. tropicalis chromatin with APH: n = 80 (line), n = 67 (area). The measured intensity value from an individual image is normalized to the mean value of the control condition (X. laevis sperm chromatin without APH) in each extract preparation. (C) Estimated total intensities of NPC-positive membrane signals throughout the nuclear section among samples. The total intensity was estimated by multiplying the mean intensity by the measured nuclear cross-sectional area in each image, and the calculated value was normalized to the mean value of the control condition. (D) α-Tubulin (magenta), membranes (green), and DNA (blue) were visualized around the reconstructed nuclei with different DNA contents after 120 min of incubation. Merged images (top) and α-tubulin (bottom) are shown. Bars, 100 µm. (E) Average length (along the long axis) and width (along the short axis) of the MT-occupied space. Averaged values in each sample with different DNA contents were calculated. X. laevis chromatin with DMSO: n = 54 (length), n = 53 (width); X. laevis chromatin with APH: n = 132 (length), n = 134 (width); X. tropicalis chromatin with DMSO: n = 95 (length), n = 91 (width); X. tropicalis chromatin with APH: n = 122 (length), n = 121 (width). Error bars, SD. Asterisks, P value from Wilcoxon test compared with that in the control condition with X. laevis chromatin. **, statistically significant difference, P < 0.001. n.s., no significant difference.
	FIGURE 5:. Dynamics of the ratio of DNA content to nuclear size parameters during nuclear expansion. (A) Dynamics of density DV of DNA content per estimated nuclear volume in samples with different DNA content in X. laevis cytoplasmic extract. (B) Dynamics of density DSA of DNA content per estimated nuclear surface area in the samples with different DNA content in X. laevis cytoplasmic extract. Average values from each extract preparation are plotted. Each data set is fitted to the power regression line. Error bars, SD.
	FIGURE 6:. Nuclear expansion dynamics after modification of chromatin interaction with the nuclear envelope. (A) Representative images of reconstructed nuclei from X. laevis sperm chromatin in the presence of restriction enzymes (EcoRI, XhoI, or HaeIII) with the appropriate buffer after incubation for the indicated time. (B) Dynamics of the measured mean cross-sectional area of reconstructed nuclei in the presence of the indicated restriction enzymes, indicated by different colors. (C) Representative images of reconstructed nuclei from X. laevis sperm chromatin in the actin-intact extract after the indicated incubation time. DNA was stained with Hoechst 33342. Broken circles represent the position of the nuclear membrane. Bars, 50 µm. (D) Dynamics of the measured mean cross-sectional area of reconstructed nuclei in the actin-intact extracts (purple) or conventional actin-inhibited extracts (gray). Average values from each extract preparation are connected by a line in each data set. (E) Calculated expansion speeds and (F) measured maximum values of nuclear cross-sectional area of samples treated with buffer control (gray, n = 6), EcoRI (light blue, n = 6), XhoI (green, n = 5), HaeIII (orange, n = 5) and using actin-inhibited extract (gray, n = 37) or actin-inhibited extract (purple, n = 6). Average values from each extract preparation are shown. Error bars, SD. Asterisk, P value from Wilcoxon test compared with that in each control condition. *, statistically significant difference, P < 0.05.
	FIGURE 7:. Nuclear expansion dynamics after manipulation of chromatin condensation. (A) Representative images of the reconstructed nuclei from X. laevis sperm chromatin in the presence of MgCl2 at the indicated concentrations or dH2O for buffer control after the indicated incubation time. (B) Dynamics of the measured mean cross-sectional area of reconstructed nuclei in the presence of extra Mg2+ ions. Control: n = 4; 5 mM: n = 4; 10 mM: n = 4; 20 mM MgCl2: n = 4. (C) Representative images of the reconstructed nuclei of X. laevis sperm chromatin in the presence of actinomycin D (ActD), ICRF-193, or DMSO for buffer control after the indicated incubation time. DNA was stained with Hoechst 33342. Broken circles represent the position of the nuclear membrane. Bars, 50 µm. (D) Dynamics of the measured mean nuclear cross-sectional area with X. laevis sperm chromatin in the presence of ActD (purple, n = 7), ICRF-193 (pink, n = 7), or DMSO (gray, n = 7) for buffer control. Average values are connected by a line in each data set. (E) Calculated expansion speeds and (F) measured maximum values of nuclear cross-sectional area with X. laevis sperm chromatin in the presence of buffer control, restriction enzymes, or inhibitors of chromatin structures. Average values from each extract preparation are shown. Error bars, SD. Asterisks, P value from Wilcoxon test compared with that in the control condition. * and **, statistically significant difference, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively.
	FIGURE 8:. Dynamics of nuclear import ability after modulating DNA content or chromatin condensation status. (A) Representative images of GFP-NLS proteins in the reconstructed nuclei for the four different conditions of DNA content after the indicated incubation time. Bars, 50 µm. (B) Dynamics of the mean GFP-NLS intensity per nuclear sectional area among four different conditions of DNA content (X. laevis sperm chromatin with DMSO [XLSP + DMSO, n = 11] and with aphidicolin [XLSP + APH, n = 6], X. tropicalis sperm chromatin with DMSO [XTSP + DMSO, n = 5] and with aphidicolin [XTSP + APH, n = 6]) and (C) samples with inducing chromosome condensation (ActD: n = 3: ICRF-193: n = 3; DMSO control: n = 11). The measured intensity value was divided by that of the control (XLSP + DMSO) condition after 120 min of incubation for each preparation. Average values from each extract preparation are connected by a line in each data set. Error bars, SD.

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