Moe A , Holmes W , Golding AE , Zola J , Swider ZT , Edelstein-Keshet L , Bement W .

R01 GM052932 NIGMS NIH HHS

             cell division site

	FIGURE 1: Radial averaging reveals a plateau within the Rho activity zone. (A) Montage of individual frames taken from a time-lapse, confocal movie of wounded Xenopus oocyte labeled with probes for active Cdc42 (Cdc42-T; red) and active Rho (Rho-T; cyan). The wound is in the center of the field of view and time is in minutes:seconds. See Supplemental Movie S1A. (B) Kymograph generated by radial averaging shown as double label for both active Rho and Cdc42 (left) or single channels showing Cdc42 (middle) or Rho (right). W indicates the position of the wound; the arrowhead (middle panel) shows time of wounding; the arrow (left panel) indicates dark stripe between Rho and Cdc42 zones. (C) Line scan plots derived from the kymograph shown in B (generated as shown in Supplemental Figure S1); wound is on the right. Time is in minutes:seconds; the single asterisk indicates the zone peak; the double asterisk indicates zone plateau. Note also that postwound background is higher than prewound background (compare signal baseline in –00:20 to the other panels) and that Cdc42 zone initially rises more quickly than Rho zone (compare 00:40 to 01:20). See Supplemental Movie S1B. (D-G) Radial average kymographs showing additional examples of control wound repair; the dark stripe is evident in D–F, but not G. (D’-G’) Line scan plots from 02:00 postwound from D–G. Note presence of plateau in all samples, including G. (H, I) Quantification of pre- and postwound Rho and Cdc42 activity background signal, respectively. ****p < 0.0001; Students t test; n = 139.
	FIGURE 2: Low-level Rho suppression merges Rho and Cdc42 zones and repositions Cdc42 zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), cells microinjected with DN Rho, or C3 exotransferase (C3) labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note the merging of zones in both experimental groups. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (G) Quantification of Cdc42 signal in Rho zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (H) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 35 cells; DN Rho n = 19 cells; C3 n = 21 cells.
	FIGURE 3: Low-level Rho elevation separates Rho and Cdc42 zones and displaces the Cdc42 zone from the wound edge. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), cells microinjected with CA Rho or the plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg) labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note separation of zones in both experimental groups. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (G) Quantification of Cdc42 signal in Rho zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (H) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 35 cells; CA Rho n = 23 cells; CAAX-Larg n = 23 cells.
	FIGURE 4: Low-level Rho elevation spreads and dilutes the Abr zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of active Cdc42 (Cdc42-T; red) and Abr-3XGFP (Abr; cyan) in controls (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Rho. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note broadening and dilution of Abr signal in the presence of CA Rho. (B) Quantification of Abr zone width at 2 min postwound for control (Con) and CA Rho. (C) Quantification of Abr zone intensity at 2 min postwound for control (Con) and CA Rho. (D) Quantification of Cdc42 and Abr zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con) and CA Rho. ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 22 cells; CA Rho n = 14 cells.
	FIGURE 5: Low-level Cdc42 suppression spreads the Rho zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim) labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note the spreading of Rho zone in both experimental groups. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con) cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim) or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (G) Quantification of Rho signal in Cdc42 zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (H) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (I) Quantification of the Rho zone peak width variance at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; (B–H) one-way ANOVA; (I) Brown-Forsythe test. Con n = 32 cells; CAAX Chim n = 28 cells; C2 Chim n = 17 cells.
	FIGURE 6: Low-level Cdc42 elevation narrows the Rho zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42 labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note narrowing of Rho zone in CA Cdc42-injected sample. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con) or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (G) Quantification of Rho signal in Cdc42 zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (H) Quantification of Rho zone peak width at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (I) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 12 cells; CA Cdc42 n = 15 cells.
	FIGURE 7: Disruption of patterns via low-level GTPase manipulation slows closure of the Cdc42 zone. Comparison of the forward displacement velocity of the Cdc42 zone in the first 2 min postwounding in controls and the various GTPase manipulations employed in this study. ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 142 cells; DN Rho n = 19 cells; C3 n = 21 cells; CA Rho n = 23 cells; CAAX-Larg = 23 cells; CAAX Chim = 28 cells; C2 Chim = 17 cells; CA Cdc42 = 15 cells.
	FIGURE 8: The nonspatial, well-mixed model captures the effects of low-level GTPase reduction but not low-level GTPase activation. (A) Top: a schematic diagram showing the basic player interactions assumed by the computational model. Abr activates Rho and Cdc42 via its GEF domain while inactivating Cdc42 via its GAP domain. Active Rho promotes Abr activity. Middle: initially, model assumes that CA Rho and Cdc42 enhance positive feedback. Bottom: subsequently, model assumes that CA Rho and Cdc42 reduce availability of GEFs. (B–E) Bifurcation plots of the reduced (“well-mixed,” nonspatial variant) model with respect to parameters representing hypothesized effects of modest increases (+) and decreases (-) of GTPase activity. The horizontal axis label indicates the parameter that is varied and the corresponding experimental treatment being described. (B) The effect predicted by the model of CA Cdc42 concentration (CCA) on zone and background intensities. (C) The predicted effect of scaling up the rate of Cdc42 activation or changing the availability of inactive Cdc42 (aC Ci). (D) The effect of CA Rho (RCA). (E) The effect of scaling up the rate of Rho activation or changing the availability of inactive Rho (aR Ri). The + and – signs associated with the arrows indicate the directions associated with elevating and suppressing GTPase activity, respectively (for example, –Cdc42 suppression decreases aC). Solid (dashed) lines represent stable (unstable) activity states. Over a range of parameter values, the high activity around the wound (“zone intensity,” upper solid curves) coexists with the background activity level (lower solid curves, “BG”). Dashed curves (unstable steady states) represent thresholds separating the background and high activity steady states. Red = active Cdc42 (Cdc42-T); blue = active Rho (Rho-T). See text for details.
	FIGURE 1:. Radial averaging reveals a plateau within the Rho activity zone. (A) Montage of individual frames taken from a time-lapse, confocal movie of wounded Xenopus oocyte labeled with probes for active Cdc42 (Cdc42-T; red) and active Rho (Rho-T; cyan). The wound is in the center of the field of view and time is in minutes:seconds. See Supplemental Movie S1A. (B) Kymograph generated by radial averaging shown as double label for both active Rho and Cdc42 (left) or single channels showing Cdc42 (middle) or Rho (right). W indicates the position of the wound; the arrowhead (middle panel) shows time of wounding; the arrow (left panel) indicates dark stripe between Rho and Cdc42 zones. (C) Line scan plots derived from the kymograph shown in B (generated as shown in Supplemental Figure S1); wound is on the right. Time is in minutes:seconds; the single asterisk indicates the zone peak; the double asterisk indicates zone plateau. Note also that postwound background is higher than prewound background (compare signal baseline in –00:20 to the other panels) and that Cdc42 zone initially rises more quickly than Rho zone (compare 00:40 to 01:20). See Supplemental Movie S1B. (D-G) Radial average kymographs showing additional examples of control wound repair; the dark stripe is evident in D–F, but not G. (D’-G’) Line scan plots from 02:00 postwound from D–G. Note presence of plateau in all samples, including G. (H, I) Quantification of pre- and postwound Rho and Cdc42 activity background signal, respectively. ****p < 0.0001; Students t test; n = 139.
	FIGURE 2:. Low-level Rho suppression merges Rho and Cdc42 zones and repositions Cdc42 zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), cells microinjected with DN Rho, or C3 exotransferase (C3) labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note the merging of zones in both experimental groups. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (G) Quantification of Cdc42 signal in Rho zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). (H) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), DN Rho, and C3 exotransferase (C3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 35 cells; DN Rho n = 19 cells; C3 n = 21 cells.
	FIGURE 3:. Low-level Rho elevation separates Rho and Cdc42 zones and displaces the Cdc42 zone from the wound edge. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), cells microinjected with CA Rho or the plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg) labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note separation of zones in both experimental groups. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (G) Quantification of Cdc42 signal in Rho zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). (H) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), CA Rho, and plasma membrane-targeted Rho GEF domain from Larg (CAAX-Larg). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 35 cells; CA Rho n = 23 cells; CAAX-Larg n = 23 cells.
	FIGURE 4:. Low-level Rho elevation spreads and dilutes the Abr zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of active Cdc42 (Cdc42-T; red) and Abr-3XGFP (Abr; cyan) in controls (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Rho. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note broadening and dilution of Abr signal in the presence of CA Rho. (B) Quantification of Abr zone width at 2 min postwound for control (Con) and CA Rho. (C) Quantification of Abr zone intensity at 2 min postwound for control (Con) and CA Rho. (D) Quantification of Cdc42 and Abr zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con) and CA Rho. ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 22 cells; CA Rho n = 14 cells.
	FIGURE 5:. Low-level Cdc42 suppression spreads the Rho zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim) labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note the spreading of Rho zone in both experimental groups. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con) cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim) or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (G) Quantification of Rho signal in Cdc42 zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (H) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). (I) Quantification of the Rho zone peak width variance at 2 min postwound for control (Con), cells microinjected with a plasma membrane-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP (CAAX Chim), or a wound-targeted Rac and Cdc42 GAP domain (C2 Chim). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; (B–H) one-way ANOVA; (I) Brown-Forsythe test. Con n = 32 cells; CAAX Chim n = 28 cells; C2 Chim n = 17 cells.
	FIGURE 6:. Low-level Cdc42 elevation narrows the Rho zone. (A) Left: single frames from 2 min postwounding of controls (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42 labeled as in Figure 1. Middle: kymographs corresponding to movies from which stills on the right were obtained. Right: line scans corresponding to 2 min point on kymographs in the middle. Note narrowing of Rho zone in CA Cdc42-injected sample. (B, C) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone intensity, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con) or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (D, E) Quantification of Rho and Cdc42 zone width, respectively, at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (F) Quantification of GTPase zone separation at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (G) Quantification of Rho signal in Cdc42 zone at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (H) Quantification of Rho zone peak width at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. (I) Quantification of Cdc42 zone distance from wound edge at 2 min postwound for control (Con), or cells microinjected with CA Cdc42. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 12 cells; CA Cdc42 n = 15 cells.
	FIGURE 7:. Disruption of patterns via low-level GTPase manipulation slows closure of the Cdc42 zone. Comparison of the forward displacement velocity of the Cdc42 zone in the first 2 min postwounding in controls and the various GTPase manipulations employed in this study. ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA; Con n = 142 cells; DN Rho n = 19 cells; C3 n = 21 cells; CA Rho n = 23 cells; CAAX-Larg = 23 cells; CAAX Chim = 28 cells; C2 Chim = 17 cells; CA Cdc42 = 15 cells.
	FIGURE 8:. The nonspatial, well-mixed model captures the effects of low-level GTPase reduction but not low-level GTPase activation. (A) Top: a schematic diagram showing the basic player interactions assumed by the computational model. Abr activates Rho and Cdc42 via its GEF domain while inactivating Cdc42 via its GAP domain. Active Rho promotes Abr activity. Middle: initially, model assumes that CA Rho and Cdc42 enhance positive feedback. Bottom: subsequently, model assumes that CA Rho and Cdc42 reduce availability of GEFs. (B–E) Bifurcation plots of the reduced (“well-mixed,” nonspatial variant) model with respect to parameters representing hypothesized effects of modest increases (+) and decreases (-) of GTPase activity. The horizontal axis label indicates the parameter that is varied and the corresponding experimental treatment being described. (B) The effect predicted by the model of CA Cdc42 concentration (CCA) on zone and background intensities. (C) The predicted effect of scaling up the rate of Cdc42 activation or changing the availability of inactive Cdc42 (aC Ci). (D) The effect of CA Rho (RCA). (E) The effect of scaling up the rate of Rho activation or changing the availability of inactive Rho (aR Ri). The + and – signs associated with the arrows indicate the directions associated with elevating and suppressing GTPase activity, respectively (for example, –Cdc42 suppression decreases aC). Solid (dashed) lines represent stable (unstable) activity states. Over a range of parameter values, the high activity around the wound (“zone intensity,” upper solid curves) coexists with the background activity level (lower solid curves, “BG”). Dashed curves (unstable steady states) represent thresholds separating the background and high activity steady states. Red = active Cdc42 (Cdc42-T); blue = active Rho (Rho-T). See text for details.
	FIGURE 9:. Spatial model simulations capture some of the effects of low-level GTPase elevation. Model results showing the relative positions and intensities of active Rho (blue), Cdc42 (red), and Abr (gray). Wound is on the right. Results from simulations of control (Con), as well as results obtained with parameters altered to represent the effects of CA Cdc42, CA Rho, DN Cdc42, and DN Rho are shown. See text for details.

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