Devotta A , Juraver-Geslin H , Griffin C , Saint-Jeannet JP .

R01 DE025806 NIDCR NIH HHS

Xla wt + A71915 (npr1 antagonist) (Fig. 5 FG)
Xla wt + AP-811 (npr3 antagonist) (Fig 2 FG)
Xla wt + AP-811 (npr3 antagonist) (Fig 2 FG)
Xla wt + AP-811 (npr3 antagonist) (Fig. 2 FG)
Xla Wt + nppa MO (Fig 6 Ar1 B)
Xla Wt + nppc MO (Fig 6 A:r3 BDE)
Xla Wt + npr1 MO (Fig. 5 B:c2r1 CD)
Xla Wt + npr3 MO (Fig. 2 CD)
Xla Wt + npr3 MO (Fig. 4 AB)
Xla Wt + npr3 MO (Fig. S2-Sup2 )
Xla Wt + pax3 MO (Fig. 1C)
Xla Wt + zic1 MO (Fig. 1C )

	Figure 1. Npr3, a target of Pax3 and Zic1, is expressed in developing NC and CP. (A) By ISH, npr3 is detected at the neural plate border at neurula stages (NF stage 1317), and persists in the NC (yellow arrowheads) and CP (purple arrowheads) forming regions (NF stage 2226). npr3 expression is maintained in most CP-derivatives at NF stage 32. (B) Dissected brain regions at NF stages 3034 show additional npr3 expression domains in the floor plate (green arrowheads), zona limitans intrathalamica (blue arrowheads) and pineal gland (orange arrowheads). Upper right shows a transverse section through the hindbrain of a NF stage 30 embryo highlighting the floor plate expression of npr3 (green arrowhead). The embryonic stages are indicated in the lower right corner of each panel. (C) Zic1 (Zic1MO) or Pax3 (Pax3MO) knockdown reduces npr3 expression at the NPB. Injection of a CoMO did not affect npr3 expression. The asterisks (*) mark the injected side, also visualized by the lineage tracer Red-gal. Dorsal views, anterior to top. (D) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar. ***p<0.0005, [Chi-squared] test.(EJ) Developmental qRT-PCR expression profile of npr1 (E), npr2 (F), npr3 (G), nppa (H), nppb (I) and nppc (J) in Xenopus. NF developmental stages are indicated on the x-axis, values are normalized to ornithine decarboxylase (odc). A representative experiment is shown. Two additional biological replicates are shown in Figure S1
	Figure 2. Npr3 is required for both NC and CP development. (A) Schematic representation of the npr3 gene structure showing the target site of Npr3 translation blocking morpholino (Npr3MO; red). (B) Western blot analysis of protein lysates from control embryos and embryos injected with npr3 mRNA (1 ng) alone or in combination with Npr3MO, using an anti-Npr3 antibody. -Tubulin is shown as a loading control. (C) Phenotype of Npr3MO (30 ng) injected embryos. Npr3 knockdown differentially affect the expression of snai2, sox10, six1, foxi4.1, sox2 and keratin. The asterisks (*) mark the injected side, also visualized by the lineage tracer Red-gal. Dorsal views, anterior to top, except for six1 and foxi4.1, which show anterior views, dorsal to top. (D) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed for each condition is indicated at the top of each bar. (E) Experimental design for the microinjection of Npr3 antagonist, AP-811, in the blastocoel cavity of blastula stage embryos. (F) The expression of snai2, twist1 and six1 is reduced in AP-811-treated embryos. Dorsal views, anterior to top (snai2). Lateral views, anterior to right (twist1). Anterior views, dorsal to top (six1). (G) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar. ***p<0.0005, [Chi-squared] test.
	Figure 3. Npr3 regulates NC and CP fate through different mechanisms. (A) Two expression constructs were generated, a wild-type human NPR3 (HNPR3WT) and a truncated version of HNPR3 lacking the C-terminal Gi activator sequence (HNPR3C). (B) Validation of the two constructs. Embryos injected with HNRP3WT or HNRPCC mRNA were analyzed by Western blot using antibodies directed against the C-terminal (ProSci, Cat#42909; green) or N-terminal (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat#sc-515449; red) domains of NPR3. -Tubulin is shown as a loading control. The second band in the HNPR3WT lane may represent a cleaved version of HNPR3 lacking the cytoplasmic tail (not recognized by anti-NPR3 C-term), or alternatively a secreted version of NPR3 lacking the transmembrane domain. (C) HNPR3WT and truncated HNRP3C are equally efficient at rescuing sox10 expression in Npr3-depleted embryos. (D) In contrast, only HNPR3WT is capable of restoring six1 expression in Npr3-depleted embryos. (C,D) Phenotypes quantification is as described in Figure 2. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar. ***p<0.0005, [Chi-squared] test. ns, not significant.
	Figure 4. Npr3 requires adenylyl cyclase inhibition to promote CP fate. (A) Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by treatment with SQ22536 restores six1 expression in Npr3-depleted (Npr3MO) embryos. Two representative embryos are shown to illustrate the range of phenotypes. The asterisks (*) mark the injected side, also visualized by the lineage tracer Red-gal. Anterior views, dorsal to top. (B) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar. ***p<0.0005, 2 test. (C) Experimental design to test the effect of adenylyl cyclase activation by Forskolin on the CP-inducing activity of Zic1. (D) qRT-PCR analysis of six1 and eya1 expression in animal cap explants injected with Zic1GR mRNA and cultured in the presence of dexamethasone +/-forskolin (50 M). Values are normalized to odc. A representative experiment is shown. Two additional biological replicates are shown in Figure 2.
	Figure 5. Signaling through Npr1 regulates NC and CP formation. (A) Western blot analysis of protein lysates from control embryos and embryos injected with npr1 or npr2 mRNA (1 ng) alone or in combination with the corresponding translation blocking MO, Npr1MO and Npr2MO, respectively. -Tubulin is shown as a loading control. (B) ISH for snai2, sox10 and six1 expression in Npr1MO- and Npr2MO-injected embryos. The asterisks (*) mark the injected side, also visualized by the lineage tracer Red-gal. Dorsal views, anterior to top, except for six1, which shows anterior views, dorsal to top. (C) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed for each condition is indicated at the top of each bar. (D) Rescue of Npr1 knockdown phenotype (sox10) by expression of human NPR1 (HNPR1). The asterisks (*) mark the injected side, also visualized by the lineage tracer Red-gal. (E) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar. ***p<0.0005, [Chi-squared] test. (F) The expression of snai2, twist1, and six1 is reduced upon treatment with A71915, a potent Npr1 antagonist. Dorsal views, anterior to top (snai2). Lateral views, anterior to right (twist1). Anterior views, dorsal to top (six1). (G) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar. ***p<0.0005, [Chi-squared] test.
	Figure 6. Natriuretic peptides activity during NC and CP formation. (A) ISH for snai2, sox10, six1 and sox2 expression in NppaMO-, NppbMO-, and NppcMO-injected embryos. The asterisks (*) mark the injected side, also visualize by the lineage tracer Red-gal. Dorsal views, anterior to top, except for six1, which shows anterior views, dorsal to top. (B) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed for each condition is indicated at the top of each bar. (C) To rescue the phenotype of Nppc morphant embryos, recombinant NPPC was microinjected in the blastocoel cavity of Nppc-depleted embryos. (D) NPPC can restore six1 expression in NppcMO-injected embryos. Anterior views, dorsal to top. (E) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar. ***p<0.0005, [Chi-squared] test.
	npr3 (natriuretic peptide receptor 3) gene expression in neurula stage Xenopus laevis embryo, NF stage 13, assayed via in situ hybridization, dorsal view, anterior up.
	npr3 (natriuretic peptide receptor 3) gene expression in neurula stage Xenopus laevis embryo, NF stage 15, assayed via in situ hybridization, dorsal view, anterior up.
	npr3 (natriuretic peptide receptor 3) gene expression in neurula stage Xenopus laevis embryo, NF stage 17, assayed via in situ hybridization, dorsal view (left) and anterior view (right), anterior up.
	npr3 (natriuretic peptide receptor 3) gene expression in neurula stage Xenopus laevis embryo, NF stage 22, assayed via in situ hybridization, lateral 9left) and anterior view (right), anterior up.
	npr3 (natriuretic peptide receptor 3) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, NF stage 26, head and trunk region, assayed via in situ hybridization, lateral view, anterior up.
	npr3 (natriuretic peptide receptor 3) gene expression in Xenopus laevis embryo, NF stage 32, head and trunk regions, assayed via in situ hybridization, lateral view, anterior up.
	Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Manipulation of the blastocoel fluid does not affect snai2 and six1 expression. (A) The expression of snai2 and six1 is unaffected in embryos in which the blastocoel fluid was replaced by 100–120 nl of water at NF stage 9. Dorsal views, anterior to top. (B) Frequency of the phenotypes. The number of embryos analyzed is indicated at the top of each bar.
	Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Npr3-depletion affects the rate of cell death or proliferation in the dorsal ectoderm. (A) Whole-mount TUNEL (left panel) and pHH3 (right panel) staining of stage 15 embryos injected with Npr3MO on the left side (asterisk). Dorsal views, anterior to top. The black boxes outline the area of the dorsal ectoderm in which TUNEL- and pHH3-positive cells were quantified for each half of the embryo. (B–C) Quantification of the number of TUNEL-positive (B) and pHH3-positive (C) cells in the dorsal ectoderm of CoMO- or Npr3MO-injected embryos comparing injected vs. uninjected sides (UI). Combined data from three biological replicates are shown. Each dot represents one embryo. p- values were calculated using paired t-test, ** p<0.0095, **** p<0.0001; ns: not significant. Note: We observed variability in the number of TUNEL-positive cells at the uninjected side. In their original report describing the dynamic of programmed cell death during Xenopus development, Hensey and Gautier, 1998 also reported considerable variation in the degree of TUNEL staining and patterns between embryos, including left-right asymmetries. The authors speculated that the presence of a fraction of TUNEL-negative embryos during gastrulation and neurulation might reflect the rapid clearance of dead cells from the embryo.
	Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Developmental RT-PCR of natriuretic peptide signaling pathway components. Developmental qRT-PCR expression profile of npr1, npr2, npr3, nppa, nppb and nppc in two biological replicates (A and B) of WT Xenopus embryos. NF stages are indicated on x-axis, values are normalized to odc.
	Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Forskolin treatment interferes with six1 and eya1 induction by Zic1GR. qRT-PCR analysis of six1 and eya1 expression in Zic1GR-injected animal caps untreated or treated with 50 μM Forskolin, from two biological replicates (A and B). Expression levels are normalized to odc.
	Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Spatial expression of npr1, npr2, nppa and nppc by whole-mount ISH. Spatial expression of npr1, npr2, nppa, and nppc by whole-mount ISH at neurula (NF stage 15/16) and tailbud (NF stage 28/32) stages. The embryonic stages are indicated in the lower right corner of each panel. npr1 is broadly expressed at the neurula stage, and becomes enriched dorsally and anteriorly at the tailbud stage. In the head region it is detected in the branchial arches (white arrowheads). At neurula stage, npr2 is detected in the trigeminal placode (black arrowhead) and Rohon-Beard neurons (white arrowhead). Later in development, npr2 is detected in the trigeminal/profundal ganglion complex (black arrowhead) and in the branchial arches (white arrowheads). nppa appears to be diffusely expressed at neurula stage, and at tailbud stage nppa is exclusively restricted to the developing heart (black arrowhead) and otic vesicle (yellow arrowhead). At neurula stage, nppc is enriched at the neural plate border (black arrowheads), and at tailbud stage it is enriched in the prospective epibranchial placodes (white arrowheads) and otic vesicle (yellow arrowhead). Left column, dorsal views anterior to top. Right column, lateral views, anterior to right dorsal to top.
	npr1 (natriuretic peptide receptor 1) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 17, assayed via in situ hybridization, anterior view, dorsal up.
	npr1 (natriuretic peptide receptor 1) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 32, assayed via in situ hybridization, lateral view, anterior right dorsal up. Key: white arrowheads indicate expression in pharyngeal arches.
	npr2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 17, assayed via in situ hybridization, dorsal view, anterior up. Key: trigeminal placode (black arrowhead) and Rohon-Beard neurons (white arrowhead)
	npr2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 28, assayed via in situ hybridization, lateral view, anterior right. Key: trigeminal/profundal ganglion complex (black arrowhead) and in the branchial arches (white arrowheads).
	nppa (natriuretic peptide A) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 17, assayed via in situ hybridization, anterior view, dorsal up.
	nppa (natriuretic peptide A) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 32, assayed via in situ hybridization, lateral view, anterior right. Key: heart (black arrowhead) and otic vesicle (yellow arrowhead).
	nppc (natriuretic peptide C) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 16, assayed via in situ hybridization, anterior view, dorsal up. Key: neural plate border (black arrowheads)
	nppc (natriuretic peptide C) gene expression in X. laevis embryo, NF stage 32, assayed via in situ hybridization, lateral view, anterior right. Key: prospective epibranchial placodes (white arrowheads) and otic vesicle (yellow arrowhead).

Abdelalim, NPR-A regulates self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. 2011, Pubmed

Abdelalim, NPR-A regulates self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. 2011, Pubmed
Abdelalim, NPR-C protects embryonic stem cells from apoptosis by regulating p53 levels. 2012, Pubmed
Anand-Srivastava, Cytoplasmic domain of natriuretic peptide receptor-C inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Involvement of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. 1996, Pubmed
Aoki, Sox10 regulates the development of neural crest-derived melanocytes in Xenopus. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Bae, Identification of Pax3 and Zic1 targets in the developing neural crest. 2014, Pubmed , Xenbase
Becker, Differential activation of natriuretic peptide receptors modulates cardiomyocyte proliferation during development. 2014, Pubmed
Chiba, Osteocrin, a peptide secreted from the heart and other tissues, contributes to cranial osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in zebrafish. 2017, Pubmed
Cohen, Molecular determinants of the clearance function of type C receptors of natriuretic peptides. 1996, Pubmed
Cordero, Cranial neural crest cells on the move: their roles in craniofacial development. 2011, Pubmed , Xenbase
Cornish, A microarray screen for direct targets of Zic1 identifies an aquaporin gene, aqp-3b, expressed in the neural folds. 2009, Pubmed , Xenbase
Delporte, Discovery of a potent atrial natriuretic peptide antagonist for ANPA receptors in the human neuroblastoma NB-OK-1 cell line. 1992, Pubmed
Dubey, Retinoic acid production, regulation and containment through Zic1, Pitx2c and Cyp26c1 control cranial placode specification. 2021, Pubmed , Xenbase
Dumoulin, Sensory Neurons: The Formation of T-Shaped Branches Is Dependent on a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade. 2021, Pubmed
Garnett, BMP, Wnt and FGF signals are integrated through evolutionarily conserved enhancers to achieve robust expression of Pax3 and Zic genes at the zebrafish neural plate border. 2012, Pubmed
Grocott, The peripheral sensory nervous system in the vertebrate head: a gene regulatory perspective. 2012, Pubmed
Harland, In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. 1991, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hensey, Programmed cell death during Xenopus development: a spatio-temporal analysis. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hong, The activity of Pax3 and Zic1 regulates three distinct cell fates at the neural plate border. 2007, Pubmed , Xenbase
Hotchkiss, Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits cell cycle activity of embryonic cardiac progenitor cells via its NPRA receptor signaling axis. 2015, Pubmed
Jaubert, Three new allelic mouse mutations that cause skeletal overgrowth involve the natriuretic peptide receptor C gene (Npr3). 1999, Pubmed
Jaurena, Zic1 controls placode progenitor formation non-cell autonomously by regulating retinoic acid production and transport. 2015, Pubmed , Xenbase
Jonas, Epidermal keratin gene expressed in embryos of Xenopus laevis. 1985, Pubmed , Xenbase
Khambata, Natriuretic peptide receptor-3 underpins the disparate regulation of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by C-type natriuretic peptide. 2011, Pubmed
Kita, Competitive binding of musclin to natriuretic peptide receptor 3 with atrial natriuretic peptide. 2009, Pubmed
Lopez, Salt-resistant hypertension in mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. 1995, Pubmed
Magdeldin, New proteomic insights on the role of NPR-A in regulating self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. 2014, Pubmed
Matsukawa, The natriuretic peptide clearance receptor locally modulates the physiological effects of the natriuretic peptide system. 1999, Pubmed
Mayor, Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. 1995, Pubmed , Xenbase
Milet, Pax3 and Zic1 drive induction and differentiation of multipotent, migratory, and functional neural crest in Xenopus embryos. 2013, Pubmed , Xenbase
Minoux, Molecular mechanisms of cranial neural crest cell migration and patterning in craniofacial development. 2010, Pubmed
Mishra, The cells and circuitry for itch responses in mice. 2013, Pubmed
Mizuseki, Xenopus Zic-related-1 and Sox-2, two factors induced by chordin, have distinct activities in the initiation of neural induction. 1998, Pubmed , Xenbase
Moffatt, Osteocrin is a specific ligand of the natriuretic Peptide clearance receptor that modulates bone growth. 2007, Pubmed
Moffatt, Osteocrin--beyond just another bone protein? 2009, Pubmed
Monsoro-Burq, Msx1 and Pax3 cooperate to mediate FGF8 and WNT signals during Xenopus neural crest induction. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Murthy, Identification of the G protein-activating domain of the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPR-C). 1999, Pubmed
Nishizawa, Musclin, a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor. 2004, Pubmed
Nussenzveig, Cellular mechanisms of the clearance function of type C receptors of atrial natriuretic factor. 1990, Pubmed
Oliver, Hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and sudden death in mice lacking natriuretic peptide receptor A. 1997, Pubmed
Pandur, Xenopus Six1 gene is expressed in neurogenic cranial placodes and maintained in the differentiating lateral lines. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Pohl, Sequence and expression of FoxB2 (XFD-5) and FoxI1c (XFD-10) in Xenopus embryogenesis. 2002, Pubmed , Xenbase
Potter, Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. 2006, Pubmed
Potter, Natriuretic peptide metabolism, clearance and degradation. 2011, Pubmed
Saint-Jeannet, Establishing the pre-placodal region and breaking it into placodes with distinct identities. 2014, Pubmed , Xenbase
Saint-Jeannet, Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of Xenopus Embryos. 2017, Pubmed , Xenbase
Saka, Spatial and temporal patterns of cell division during early Xenopus embryogenesis. 2001, Pubmed , Xenbase
Sato, Neural crest determination by co-activation of Pax3 and Zic1 genes in Xenopus ectoderm. 2005, Pubmed , Xenbase
Schlosser, Making senses development of vertebrate cranial placodes. 2010, Pubmed , Xenbase
Simões-Costa, Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe. 2015, Pubmed
Slack, An interaction between dorsal and ventral regions of the marginal zone in early amphibian embryos. 1980, Pubmed , Xenbase
Small, Expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) during Xenopus cardiac development. 2000, Pubmed , Xenbase
Small, Transgenic analysis of the atrialnatriuretic factor (ANF) promoter: Nkx2-5 and GATA-4 binding sites are required for atrial specific expression of ANF. 2003, Pubmed , Xenbase
Solinski, Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice. 2019, Pubmed
Stuhlmiller, Current perspectives of the signaling pathways directing neural crest induction. 2012, Pubmed , Xenbase
Suga, Receptor selectivity of natriuretic peptide family, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide. 1992, Pubmed
Tamura, Critical roles of the guanylyl cyclase B receptor in endochondral ossification and development of female reproductive organs. 2004, Pubmed
Thomas, Osteocrin, a novel bone-specific secreted protein that modulates the osteoblast phenotype. 2003, Pubmed
Veale, The discovery of non-basic atrial natriuretic peptide clearance receptor antagonists. Part 1. 2000, Pubmed