Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
It has been proposed that the concentration of proteins in the cytoplasm maximizes the speed of important biochemical reactions. Here we have used the Xenopus extract system, which can be diluted or concentrated to yield a range of cytoplasmic protein concentrations, to test the effect of cytoplasmic concentration on mRNA translation and protein degradation. We found that protein synthesis rates are maximal in ∼1x cytoplasm, whereas protein degradation continues to rise to an optimal concentration of ∼1.8x. This can be attributed to the greater sensitivity of translation to cytoplasmic viscosity, perhaps because it involves unusually large macromolecular complexes like polyribosomes. The different concentration optima sets up a negative feedback homeostatic system, where increasing the cytoplasmic protein concentration above the 1x physiological level increases the viscosity of the cytoplasm, which selectively inhibits translation and drives the system back toward the 1x set point.
Afanzar,
The nucleus serves as the pacemaker for the cell cycle.
2020, Pubmed,
Xenbase
Afanzar,
The nucleus serves as the pacemaker for the cell cycle.
2020,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Alric,
Macromolecular crowding limits growth under pressure.
2022,
Pubmed
Amodeo,
Histone titration against the genome sets the DNA-to-cytoplasm threshold for the Xenopus midblastula transition.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Aoki,
A quantitative model of ERK MAP kinase phosphorylation in crowded media.
2013,
Pubmed
Bar-Even,
The moderately efficient enzyme: evolutionary and physicochemical trends shaping enzyme parameters.
2011,
Pubmed
Chang,
Mitotic trigger waves and the spatial coordination of the Xenopus cell cycle.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Chang,
Robustly Cycling Xenopus laevis Cell-Free Extracts in Teflon Chambers.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Cheng,
Spontaneous emergence of cell-like organization in Xenopus egg extracts.
2019,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Davidi,
Global characterization of in vivo enzyme catalytic rates and their correspondence to in vitro kcat measurements.
2016,
Pubmed
Delarue,
mTORC1 Controls Phase Separation and the Biophysical Properties of the Cytoplasm by Tuning Crowding.
2018,
Pubmed
Dill,
Physical limits of cells and proteomes.
2011,
Pubmed
Drenckhahn,
Elongation of actin filaments is a diffusion-limited reaction at the barbed end and is accelerated by inert macromolecules.
1986,
Pubmed
Dunphy,
The Xenopus cdc2 protein is a component of MPF, a cytoplasmic regulator of mitosis.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Elowitz,
Protein mobility in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli.
1999,
Pubmed
Fang,
Evidence that the G1-S and G2-M transitions are controlled by different cdc2 proteins in higher eukaryotes.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Ferrell,
Xenopus oocyte maturation: new lessons from a good egg.
1999,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Fox,
Poly(A) addition during maturation of frog oocytes: distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic activities and regulation by the sequence UUUUUAU.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Garner,
Vast heterogeneity in cytoplasmic diffusion rates revealed by nanorheology and Doppelgänger simulations.
2023,
Pubmed
Gires,
Exploring generic principles of compartmentalization in a developmental in vitro model.
2023,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Hu,
The protein translation machinery is expressed for maximal efficiency in Escherichia coli.
2020,
Pubmed
Huang,
Cytoplasmic organization promotes protein diffusion in Xenopus extracts.
2022,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Jin,
In vitro cell cycle oscillations exhibit a robust and hysteretic response to changes in cytoplasmic density.
2022,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kamenz,
Real-Time Monitoring of APC /C-Mediated Substrate Degradation Using Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts.
2021,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Kanki,
The cell cycle dependence of protein synthesis during Xenopus laevis development.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
King,
How proteolysis drives the cell cycle.
1996,
Pubmed
Klumpp,
Molecular crowding limits translation and cell growth.
2013,
Pubmed
Liu,
The uniformity and stability of cellular mass density in mammalian cell culture.
2022,
Pubmed
Liu,
Computationally enhanced quantitative phase microscopy reveals autonomous oscillations in mammalian cell growth.
2020,
Pubmed
Meneau,
Translational Control of Xenopus Oocyte Meiosis: Toward the Genomic Era.
2020,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Milo,
BioNumbers--the database of key numbers in molecular and cell biology.
2010,
Pubmed
Minshull,
Translation of cyclin mRNA is necessary for extracts of activated xenopus eggs to enter mitosis.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Minton,
The influence of macromolecular crowding and macromolecular confinement on biochemical reactions in physiological media.
2001,
Pubmed
Mitchison,
Self-Organization of Cellular Units.
2021,
Pubmed
Molines,
Physical properties of the cytoplasm modulate the rates of microtubule polymerization and depolymerization.
2022,
Pubmed
Murray,
Cell cycle extracts.
1991,
Pubmed
Murray,
Cyclin synthesis drives the early embryonic cell cycle.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Neurohr,
Relevance and Regulation of Cell Density.
2020,
Pubmed
Newport,
A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: I. characterization and timing of cellular changes at the midblastula stage.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Newport,
A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: II. Control of the onset of transcription.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Newport,
Disassembly of the nucleus in mitotic extracts: membrane vesicularization, lamin disassembly, and chromosome condensation are independent processes.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Oh,
Protein and lipid mass concentration measurement in tissues by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy.
2022,
Pubmed
Paris,
Changes in the polyadenylation of specific stable RNA during the early development of Xenopus laevis.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Peshkin,
On the Relationship of Protein and mRNA Dynamics in Vertebrate Embryonic Development.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Richter,
Experimental evidence for the influence of molecular crowding on nuclear architecture.
2007,
Pubmed
Rosenthal,
Sequence-specific adenylations and deadenylations accompany changes in the translation of maternal messenger RNA after fertilization of Spisula oocytes.
1983,
Pubmed
Ruderman,
Modulations of histone messenger RNA during the early development of Xenopus laevis.
1979,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Schwanhäusser,
Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control.
2011,
Pubmed
Scott,
Emergence of robust growth laws from optimal regulation of ribosome synthesis.
2014,
Pubmed
Smith,
Oogenesis and oocyte isolation.
1991,
Pubmed
,
Xenbase
Son,
Resonant microchannel volume and mass measurements show that suspended cells swell during mitosis.
2015,
Pubmed
Tan,
Molecular crowding shapes gene expression in synthetic cellular nanosystems.
2013,
Pubmed
Zimmerman,
Estimation of macromolecule concentrations and excluded volume effects for the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli.
1991,
Pubmed
Zlotek-Zlotkiewicz,
Optical volume and mass measurements show that mammalian cells swell during mitosis.
2015,
Pubmed
