Chen X , Liu S , Fang J , Zheng S , Wang Z , Jiao Y , Xia P , Wu H , Ma Z , Hao L .

             immune response
             antioxidant activity

Figure 1. Mode of action for AMPs activity [36,38]; “⊥” indicates an inhibitory effect. Barrel-stave model: Under the action of electrostatic attraction, positively charged AMPs aggregate to negatively charged bacterial membrane surface. AMPs induce and participate in continuous bending of monolayer phospholipid membrane. AMPs are inserted into the water channel composed of phospholipid head groups through small holes [39]. Carpet model: When the AMPs are spread to the surface of the membrane until the concentration of the domain is reached, small holes will be formed on the membrane surface, and then the membrane will be destroyed, leading to cell death [40]. Toroidal pore model: AMPs are arranged perpendicular to the cell membrane in the plasma membrane, and their hydrophobic sides are outside. The polar surface forms holes, through which the contents of bacterial cytoplasm are lost, leading to cell death [36]. AMPs can inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.

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