Impact of the Xenopus system on the missions of the NIGMS
John Wallingford, PhD - HHMI & University of Texas at Austin
Eddy DeRobertis, MD, PhD - HHMI & University of California Los Angeles
Jean Gautier, PhD � Columbia University
Yixian Zheng, PhD � HHMI & Carnegie Institution
The NIGMS �supports basic research that increases understanding of life processes and lays the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention� (http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Initiatives/).� Experiments in model animals are a cornerstone of such fundamental biomedical research and they play a particularly important role in the mission of the NIGMS.��
The frog, Xenopus, is a widely used and crucial vertebrate model organism that is unique for its combination of its experimental tractability and its close evolutionary relationship with humans.� Xenopus is an essential tool for in vivo studies in molecular, cell, and developmental biology of vertebrate animals.� However, the enormous breadth of Xenopus research stems from the additional fact that cell-free extracts made from Xenopus are a premier in vitro system for studies of fundamental aspects of cell and molecular biology.� Thus, Xenopus is the only vertebrate model system that allows for high-throughput in vivo analyses of gene function and high-throughput biochemistry.� Finally, it should be borne in mind that Xenopus oocytes are a leading system for studies of ion transport and channel physiology.�
Because of its diverse applications, Xenopus research is funded by nearly all Institutes within the NIH.� However, the NIGMS remains by far the largest source of funding for Xenopus research.� In this statement, we provide a summary of the crucial contributions made by Xenopus research to the mission of the NIGMS.�� We start with recent contributions of Xenopus to the study of known human disease genes.� We follow this with a selection of examples that illustrate the huge impact that recent Xenopus research has had on our understanding of fundamental biological processes.� Finally, we summarize very briefly the long and rich history which formed the foundation for myriad current advances being made Xenopus research to our understanding of the biology underlying human disease.
I.� Direct investigation of human disease genes using Xenopus:
The NIGMS funds research that �lays the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention� (http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Initiatives/).� Therefore, it is notably that all modes of Xenopus research (embryos, cell-free, extracts, and oocytes) are now commonly and widely used in direct study of human disease genes.�
Xenopus embryos for in vivo studies of human disease gene function:�� Xenopus embryos are large and easily manipulated, and moreover, many hundreds of embryos can be obtained in a single day.� It is not surprising, then, that Xenopus was the first vertebrate animal for which methods were developed that allowed rapid analysis of gene function using misexpression (by mRNA injection; Nature. 1971. 233, 177-82).� Indeed, injection of mRNA in Xenopus led to the cloning of interferon (PNAS. 1975. 72, 4881-4885).� Moreover, the use of morpholino-antisense oligonucleotides for gene knockdowns in vertebrates, which is now the state-of-the-art, was first developed by Janet Heasman using Xenopus (Dev. Biol. 2000. 222, 124-34.).�
In recent years these approaches have played in important role in studies of human disease genes.� The mechanism of action for several genes mutated in human cystic kidney disorders (e.g. nephronophthisis) have been extensively studied in Xenopus embryos, shedding new light on the link between these disorders, ciliogenesis and Wnt signaling (Hum Mol Genet. 2008. 17, 3655-62).� Xenopus embryos have also provided a rapid test bed for validating newly-discovered disease genes.� For example, studies in Xenopus confirmed and elucidated the role PYCR1 in cutis laxa with progeroid features (Nat Genet. 2009. 41, 1016-21).
Transgenic Xenopus for studying transcriptional regulation of human disease genes:� Xenopus embryos develop rapidly, and so transgenesis in Xenopus is a rapid and effective method for analyzing genomic regulatory sequences.� In a recent study, mutations in the SMAD7 locus were revealed to associate with human colorectal cancer.� Interestingly, the mutations lay in conserved, but non-coding sequences, suggesting that these mutations impacted the patterns of SMAD7 transcription.� To test this hypothesis, the authors used Xenopus transgenics, and revealed that this genomic region drove expression of GFP in the hindgut.� Moreover, transgenics made with the mutant version of this region displayed substantially less expression in the hindgut (Genome Res. 2009. 19, 987-93.).
Xenopus cell-free extracts for biochemical studies of proteins encoded by human disease genes: A unique advantage of the Xenopus system is that cytosolic extracts contain both soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins (including chromatin proteins). This is in contrast to cellular extracts prepared from somatic cells with already distinct cellular compartments.� Xenopus egg extracts have provided innumerable insights into the basic biology of cells with particular impact on cell division and the DNA transactions associated with it.
Studies in Xenopus egg extracts have also yielded critical insights into the mechanism of action of human disease genes associated with genetic instability and elevated cancer risk, such as ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia), BRCA1 (Inherited Breast and Ovarian cancer), Nbs1 (Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome), RecQL4 (Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome), c-Myc oncogene and FANC proteins (Fanconi anemia) (Cell. �2006, 127, 539-52; Nat. Cell Biol. 2007. 9, 1311-18; Mol. Cell. 2009. 35, 704-15; J Biol Chem. 2009, 284, 25560-8; Nature. 2007. 448, 445-51).
Xenopus oocytes for studies of gene expression and channel activity related to human disease:� Yet another strength of Xenopus, and another strength that is simply not matched by any other vertebrate model system, is the ability to rapidly and easily assay the activity of channel and transporter proteins using expression in oocytes.� This application has also led to important insights into human disease, including studies related to trypanosome transmission (Nature 2009. 459, 213-217), Epilepsy with ataxia and sensorineural deafness (N Engl J Med. 360, 1960-70), Catastrophic cardiac arrhythmia (Long-QT syndrome; PNAS �2009. 106,13082-7) and Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (Hum Mol Genet. 2008. 17, 3728-39).
II.� Investigation of fundamental biological processes using Xenopus:
����������� In addition to applied studies directed at the mechanisms of known human disease genes, the NIGMS very broadly supports �basic research that increases understanding of life processes� (http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Initiatives/).� It is this area where Xenopus has made its most substantive and wide-ranging contributions.�
To name only a few areas of study in which Xenopus has had a large impact in the last two years:
Signal transduction:� Xenopus embryos and cell-free extracts are widely used for basic research in signal transduction.� In just the last few years, Xenopus embryos have� provided crucial insights into the mechanisms of TGF-� and Wnt signal transduction.� For example, Xenopus embryos were used to identify the enzymes that control ubiquitination of smad-4 (Cell. 2009. 136,123-35), and also to demonstrate direct links between TGF-� superfamily signaling pathways and other important networks, such as the MAP kinase pathway (Science. 2007. 315, 840-3) and the Wnt pathway (Cell. 2007.� 131, 980-993).� Moreover, new methods using egg extracts revealed novel, important targets of the Wnt/GSK3 destruction complex (PNAS.� 2009. 106, 5165-5170).�
Cell division:� Xenopus egg extracts have allowed the study of many complicated cellular events in a test tube.� Because egg cytosol can support successive cycling between mitosis and interphase in vitro, it has been critical to diverse studies of cell division.� For example, the small GTPase Ran was first found to regulate interphase nuclear transport, but Xenopus egg extracts revealed the critical role of Ran GTPase in mitosis independent of its role in interphase nuclear transport (Nature. 2006 440, 697-701).� Similarly, the cell-free extracts were used to model nuclear envelope assembly from chromatin, revealing the function of RanGTPase in regulating nuclear envelope reassembly after mitosis (Science 2006 311, 1887-1893).� More recently, using Xenopus egg extracts, it was possible to demonstrate the mitosis-specific function of the nuclear lamin B in regulating spindle morphogenesis (Nat. Cell Biol. 2009. 11, 247-256) and to identify new proteins that mediate kinetochore attachment to microtubules (Cell. 2007. 130, 893-905.
�
Embryonic development:� Xenopus embryos are so widely used in developmental biology that it is impossible to quickly summarize the myriad of important advances made by Xenopus research in recent years.� A very short list would include:
� Epigenetics of cell fate specification (Dev. Cell. �2009. 17, 425-434),
� microRNAs in germ layer patterning and eye development
(Dev. Cell. 2009. 16, 517-527; Genes & Dev. 2009.� 23, 1046-1051)
� Link between Wnt signaling and telomerase (Nature. 2009. 460, 66-72),
� Development of the vasculature (Cell. 2008.135, 1053-64),
� Gut morphogenesis (Genes & Dev. 2008. 22, 3050-3063),
� Contact inhibition and neural crest cell migration (Nature. 2008. 146, 957-961).
Initiation of DNA replication:� Xenopus cell-free extracts also support the synchronous assembly and the activation of origins of DNA replication. They have been instrumental in characterizing the biochemical function of the pre-replicative complex, including MCM proteins (Mol. Cell. 2008. 32, 862-9; EMBO J. 2009. 28, 3005-14).
�Response to DNA damage: Cell-free extracts have been instrumental to unravel the signaling pathways that are activated in response to DNA double-strand breaks (ATM), replication fork stalling (ATR) or DNA interstrand crosslinks (FA proteins and ATR). Notably, several mechanisms and components of these signal transduction pathways were first identified in Xenopus (Mol Cell.� 2009. 35,704-15; Cell. 2008. 134, 969-80; Genes Dev. 2007. 21, 898-903).
Apoptosis: �Xenopus oocytes provide a tractable model for biochemical studies of apoptosis.� Recently, oocytes were used recently to study the biochemical mechanisms of caspase-2 activation;� importantly, this mechanism turns out to be conserved in mammals (Dev Cell. 2009. 16, 856-66).��
Regenerative medicine:� In recent years, there has been tremendous interest in developmental biology stoked by the promise of regenerative medicine.� Xenopus has played a role here as well.� For example, it has been found that expression of seven transcription factors in pluripotent Xenopus cells rendered those cells able to develop into functional eyes when implanted into Xenopus embryos, providing potential insights into the repair of retinal degeneration or damage (PLoS Biology. 2009.� 7, e1000174.).�
In a vastly different study, Xenopus embryos was used to study the effects of tissue tension on morphogenesis (Dev Cell. 2009.� 16, 421-432.), an issue that will be critical for in vitro tissue engineering.
�����������
Physiology:� The directional beating of multi-ciliated cells is essential to development and homeostasis in the central nervous system, the airway, and the oviduct.� Interestingly, the multi-ciliated cells of the Xenopus epidermis have recently been developed as the first in vivo test-bed for live-cell studies of such ciliated tissues, and these studies have provided important insights into the biomechanical and molecular control of directional beating (Nat Genet. 2008. 40, 871-9; Nature. 2007. 447, 97-101).
III.� Use of Xenopus for small molecule screens to develop novel therapeutics.��
Because huge amounts of material are easily obtained, all modalities of Xenopus research are now being used for small-molecule based screens.�
Chemical genetics of vascular growth in Xenopus tadpoles:� Given the important role of neovascularization in cancer progression, Xenopus embryos were recently used to identify new small molecules inhibitors of blood vessel growth.� Notably, compounds identified in Xenopus were effective in mice (Blood. 2009. 114, 1110-22; Blood.� 2008. 112, 1740-9).�
In vivo testing of potential endocrine disruptors in transgenic Xenopus embryos:� Endocrine disrupting chemical released into the environment are pose a potential public health risk, but our ability to identify such compounds in vitro vastly outstrips our ability to monitor the in vivo effects of such chemicals.� A high-throughput assay for thyroid disruption has recently been developed using transgenic Xenopus embryos (Environ. Sci. Technol. �2007.� 41, 5908-14).
Small molecule screens in Xenopus egg extracts:� Egg extracts provide ready analysis of molecular biological processes and can rapidly screened.� This approach was used to identify novel inhibitors of proteasome-mediated protein degradation and DNA repair enzymes (Nat Chem Biol. 2008. 4, 119-25; Int. J. Cancer.� 2009. 124, 783-92).
IV.� A long history of research laid the foundation for the myriad recent contributions of Xenopus to biomedical science.��
In addition to its current wide usage in diverse areas of biology, we feel that it is also worth summarizing the some of the landmark discoveries that come to mind when thinking about the contributions of Xenopus to the NIH.
1950�s
� The discovery that somatic nuclei are totipotential, from which present excitement about nuclear reprogramming and stem cells arises (Gurdon et al., 1958).
1960�s
� 1969: The discovery that the nucleolar organizer encodes the ribosomal RNA genes (Brown and Gurdon, 1969).
� 1968: Selective DNA amplification of rDNA in oogenesis (Brown and Dawid, 1968; Gall, 1968).
� Mitochondrial DNA exists and is inherited from the mother (Dawid, 1966).
1970�s
� The isolation of the first eukaryotic genes by equilibrium density centrifugation in the form of rRNA and 5S genes (Birnstiel et al., 1968; Brown et al., 1971).
� The first eukaryotic translation system by oocyte mRNA microinjection (Gurdon et al., 1971).
� The first transcription and translation system for cloned genes (Brown and Gurdon, 1977; De Robertis and Mertz, 1977).
� Discovery of MPF, a meiosis maturation promoting factor that provided the key to the elucidation of the cell cycle (Wasserman and Masui, 1976).
� First system for electrophysiological studies on cloned membrane channels and receptors (Kusano et al., 1977).
� Identification of nuclear targeting signal sequences in the mature sequence of nuclear proteins (De Robertis et al., 1978).
1980�s
� The isolation of the first eukaryotic transcription factor, TFIIIA (Engelke et al., 1980).
� First in vitro system for nuclear and chromosome assembly (Lohka and Masui, 1983).
� Discovery of the first Hox gene homologue in vertebrates (Carrasco et al., 1984).
� Mesoderm induction is mediated by members of the TGF-beta family of growth factors (Smith, 1987).
� Cell cycle progression is regulated through protein degradation of cyclins via ubiquitinylation (Murray et al., 1989).
1990�s
� Realization that Homeobox genes direct gastrulation morphogenetic movements (Niehrs et al., 1993).
� Molecular nature of Spemann�s organizer: cell-cell signals are regulated by secreted growth factors antagonists such as Noggin, Gremlin, Follistatin, Chordin, Cerberus, Frzb and Dickkopf (reviewed by Harland and Gerhart, 1997).
� Identification of the cell-cell signals that cause induction and patterning of the Central Nervous System (Zimmerman et al., 1996; Piccolo et al., 1996).
These and many other past discoveries would more than justify a re-dedication of the NIGMS�s efforts to the acceleration and promotion of biomedical research using Xenopus.� But as the document above makes clear, the current, sustained contributions made by this system are such that Xenopus should be considered one of the most promising post-genomic systems for research in Cell and Molecular Biology.
Xenopus Grants funding by the NIGMS
According to NIH RePORTER Search Tool, in the fiscal year of 2009, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) funded 152 grants for projects involving Xenopus. These grants total $43,883,452. �See appendix for a complete list.
2009 Xenopus White Paper � Community Needs
Executive Summary
Xenopus - a crucial model organism for biomedical research:
Experiments in model animals are a cornerstone of biomedical research and have a massive impact on our understanding of human health and disease.� The frog, Xenopus, is a widely used and crucial vertebrate model organism that offers a unique combination of three powerful advantages:� strong conservation of essential biological mechanisms, a remarkable experimental repertoire, and unparalleled cost-effectiveness when compared to murine or other mammalian models.�
In fact, for many experimental applications, Xenopus is the only viable model system.� For example, in cell and molecular biology, Xenopus extracts allow for individual components of the cell cycle or DNA replication/repair machinery to be analyzed in a manner that cannot be recapitulated in vivo or in cell culture.� For developmental biology, no other model system allows for high-throughput genomic/proteomic screening and at the same time allows for transplant/explant analysis (i.e. �experimental embryology�). The Xenopus oocyte is unique as a system for studying channel physiology using the patch-clamp and as a system for protein expression.� Finally, Xenopus is the only vertebrate model that readily produces enough biological material for biochemical purification from eggs, intact embryos, or isolated embryonic tissues.� The combination of these characteristics offers a wide range of experimental opportunities for studies using the Xenopus system in contrast to other vertebrates such as the mouse or zebrafish.
NIH Investment in Xenopus:
����������� The NIH has made a substantial and continuing investment in Xenopus research.� Indeed, a search of the NIH rePORT database for R01�s or equivalent grants using the search term �Xenopus� returned 427 grants for a total cost of $127,583,776 for FY08 and FY09.� Despite this investment in individuals� research, the Xenopus community lacks many resources that are considered entirely essential for other model systems, including a complete genome sequence, stock and training centers, and a comprehensive model organism database.
Xenopus as a Model System and Human Disease:
Given the tremendous advantages of the Xenopus system, the pace of new biological discovery by the Xenopus Community is brisk. �Using Xenopus, we have significantly improved our understanding of human disease genes and their mechanisms, justifying the NIH�s investment in Xenopus.� Below we provide examples of just a few of the human health discoveries made in the last two years:
Xenopus embryos are used for in vivo analysis of gene expression and function:
Nephronophthisis - Hum Mol Genet. 2008. 17, 3655-62; Nat Genet. 2005. 37, 537-43.
Cutis laxa - Nat Genet. 2009. 41, 1016-21.
Meckel-Gruber syndrome - Am J Hum Genet. 2008. 82, 959-70.
Colorectal cancer - Genome Res. 2009.� 19, 987-93.
Xenopus egg extracts are used for in vitro biochemical studies:
Fanconi Anemia - Mol. Cell. 2009. 35, 704-15;� J Biol Chem. 2009, 284, 25560-8.
C-myc oncogene - Nature. 2007. 448, 445-51.
BRCA1 - Cell. 2006. 127, 539-552
Xenopus oocytes are used to study gene expression and channel activity:
Trypanosome transmission - Nature 2009. 459, 213-217.
Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness - N Engl J Med. 360, 1960-70.
Catastrophic cardiac arrhythmia (Long-QT syndrome) - PNAS �2009. 106,13082-7.
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy - Hum Mol Genet. 2008. 17, 3728-39.
Xenopus as a Model System and Basic Biological Processes:
Xenopus also plays a crucial role in elucidating the basic cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the entire spectrum of human pathologies.� Again only a few of the many discoveries in the last two years are highlighted here:
Xenopus embryos were used for studies of TGF-� signal transduction.
(Cell. 2009. 136,123-35; Science. 2007. 315, 840-3).
Xenopus egg extracts revealed fundamental aspects of cell division.
(Nature. 2008. 453, 1132-6; Science. 2008. 319, 469-72).
Xenopus embryos were used for studying mucociliary epithelia.
(Nat Genet. 2008. 40, 871-9; Nature. 2007. 447, 97-101).
Xenopus embryos were used for studying development of the vasculature.
(Cell. 2008.135, 1053-64).
Xenopus egg extracts provided key insight into DNA damage responses. �
(Mol Cell.� 2009. 35,704-15; Cell. 2008. 134, 969-80).
Xenopus embryos linked telomerase to Wnt signaling.
(Nature. 2009. 460, 66-72).
Xenopus was used for small molecule screens to develop therapeutics.
(Nat Chem Biol. 2008. 4, 119-25; Blood. 2009. 114, 1110-22).
Immediate Needs of the Xenopus Community:
����������� It is the consensus of the Xenopus community that their biomedical research could be greatly accelerated by the development of key resources that are currently lacking.� These resources would be of use to the entire Xenopus research community.� In this White Paper, the community identifies seven resources in two categories: Three Immediate Needs and four Essential Resources:
The Immediate Needs are a common set of key resources that were identified as the most pressing by three committees established to identify needed resources across the broad and diverse Xenopus community.� There is a broad, community-wide consensus that these resources would have an immediate impact on all Xenopus users and should be assigned the highest priority in order to accelerate the pace of biomedical research using Xenopus as a model system.�
����������� These Immediate Needs and the resulting improvements in biomedical research are as follows:
1.� Establishment of the Xenopus Resource and Training Center at the MBL in Woods Hole.
-Will allow rapid distribution of transgenic Xenopus laevis lines expressing fluorescent reporters and tagged proteins (for example histone-RFP for visualizing the mitotic spindle or organ specific GFP in embryos)
-Will allow centralized generation, housing, and distribution of genetically modified X. tropicalis lines, including both mutants and transgenics.
-Will allow both current investigators and the next generation of researchers to get hands-on training in� Xenopus-based biomedical research methods (including cell, molecular, and developmental methods).
2.� Expansion and improvement of Xenbase, a Xenopus model organism database.
-Maintain and curate data for the essential primary database for Xenopus researchers.
-Enhance the functionality of Xenbase by introducing a phenotypes feature.
-Support new content on Xenbase, including proteomics support, a new genome browser, and Wiki for Xenopus methods.
-Continue and expand collaborative and service efforts (e.g. provide Xenopus data to other databases including NCBI, UniProtK, Mascot and Tornado).
3.� Complete sequencing of the Xenopus laevis genome.
-Will allow the deconvolution of data in mass-spectrometry-based proteomic studies.
-Will facilitate identification of conserved gene regulatory regions to build gene-regulatory networks.
-Will facilitate site-specifc studies of DNA transaction (repair and replication)
-Will facilitate identification of all ORFs to build an ORFeome for rapid functional characterization of genes
-Will facilitate the design of morpholino oligonucleotides for gene depletion studies
-Will faciliate the analysis of chromatin-immunoprecipitations to identify DNA-bound to transcription factors and DNA modifications.
Essential Resources Needed by the Xenopus Community:
����������� In addition to these immediate, community-wide needs, the committees identified four Essential Resources that should be developed as soon as possible, so that Xenopus biologists can more effectively fulfill the missions of the NIH.� The Xenopus community considers all four of these additional resources to be essential, but understands that priorities must be set, and ranks these behind the Immediate Needs. These Essential Resources are as follows:
4.� Xenopus ORFeome in recombineering vectors.��
5.� Improvement of the X. tropicalis genome sequence and annotation
6.� Development of methods for disrupting gene function in Xenopus.
7. �Generation and Distribution of antibodies for Xenopus research.
Anticipated Gains for Biomedical Research:
����������� Xenopus is a crucial model organism for biomedical research.� With the development of large-scale community-wide resources, Xenopus is poised to be become the premier vertebrate model for systems-level approaches to understanding biological mechanisms in cell, molecular, and developmental biology.
The National Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences have recently called on the Unites States �to launch a new multiagency, multiyear, and multidisciplinary initiative to capitalize on the extraordinary advances recently made in biology�.� This report (http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12764) recommends the term "new biology" to describe an approach to research where �physicists, chemists, computer scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and other scientists are integrated into the field of biology.�� The promise of systems-level analysis in Xenopus, combined with its already proven strengths, make Xenopus the ideal model organism for pursuing this �new biology.�
Genome improvements will provide Xenopus researchers with the ability to perform genome-wide screens for biological activities that will in turn allow the rapid assembly and analysis of gene regulatory networks.� The ORFeome will greatly facilitate such genome-wide screening by allowing all ORFs to be rapidly analyzed or large numbers of proteins to be tagged for analysis of protein-protein interaction or for in vivo visualization.� Using extracts and biochemical purification coupled with mass-spectrometry and genomic sequence, protein interactomes can be rapidly identified and validated.� Because Xenopus can be so easily manipulated and because vast amounts of biological material can be generated, cell-type specific interactomes can also be identified.� Large-scale genetic screens will identify important novel genes in developmental pathways, especially given the relatively simple genome of X. tropicalis compared to zebrafish.� Finally, the flexibility of both Xenopus extracts and embryos make this system ideal for chemical biology screens.� Identifying these gene-regulatory networks, interactomes, and novel genes will be only the first steps, of course.� The well-established power of Xenopus for rapid analysis of gene function will then allow deeply mechanistic analyses to complement the systems-level approaches described above.�
It is the combination of these characteristics that distinguishes Xenopus from other vertebrate model systems such as mouse and zebrafish and allows for a systems-level approach to understanding biological mechanisms.� The tremendous promise of the Xenopus model cannot be realized, however, without the immediate development of community-wide research resources.� This White Paper presents the needed resources, and we look to the NIH for guidance in how to best achieve these goals.�
For complete details of the 2009 Xenopus White Paper, please visit
Appendix
Xenopus Grants funded by the NIGMS
|
Project Number |
Activity |
Project Title |
Principal Investigator |
Organization |
Total |
|
5K99GM084292-02 |
K99 |
MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION AND DEPOLYMERIZATION MECHANISMS BY CONSERVED PROTEINS |
AL-BASSAM, JAWDAT MH |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$72,306 |
|
5R01GM084491-02 |
R01 |
ANALYSIS OF TYRAMINERGIC SIGNALING IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS |
ALKEMA, MARK |
UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER |
$327,667 |
|
5F31GM073576-05 |
F31 |
THE ROLE OF STU1 IN MITOTIC SPINDLE STABILITY |
AMARO, IRENE A |
CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA |
$36,429 |
|
5R01GM080278-03 |
R01 |
REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF PIASY MEDIATED MITOTIC SUMOYLATION IN VERTEBRATES |
AZUMA, YOSHIAKI |
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE |
$247,326 |
|
3R01GM080278-03S1 |
R01 |
REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF PIASY MEDIATED MITOTIC SUMOYLATION IN VERTEBRATES |
AZUMA, YOSHIAKI |
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE |
$125,244 |
|
5R01GM046889-16 |
R01 |
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF GAP JUNCTIONS |
BARGIELLO, THADDEUS ANDREW |
ALBERT EINSTEIN COL OF MED YESHIVA UNIV |
$480,696 |
|
2R01GM030376-30 |
R01 |
THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS |
BEZANILLA, FRANCISCO J |
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO |
$490,032 |
|
3R01GM030376-30S1 |
R01 |
THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS |
BEZANILLA, FRANCISCO J |
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO |
$341,835 |
|
2R01GM044592-18A1 |
R01 |
MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF RECEPTOR-G PROTEIN SIGNALING |
BLUMER, KENDALL JAY |
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY |
$568,136 |
|
1P30GM092374-01 |
P30 |
REGENERATIVE BIOLOGY CENTER AT THE MBL |
BORISY, GARY G |
MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY |
$401,250 |
|
5R01GM066977-08 |
R01 |
TGFB SIGNALING IN VERTEBRATE MESODERM INDUCTION |
BRIVANLOU, ALI H |
ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY |
$311,788 |
|
1R01GM083970-01A1 |
R01 |
KINASE ACTIVATION IN THE DNA DAMAGE CHECKPOINTS |
BURGERS, PETER M |
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY |
$258,400 |
|
3R37GM030997-27S1 |
R37 |
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NEMATODE CELL DIFFERENTIATION |
CHALFIE, MARTIN |
COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK MORNINGSIDE |
$187,436 |
|
1R01GM083029-01A2 |
R01 |
ERBB SIGNALING IN VERTEBRATE MORPHOGENESIS |
CHANG, CHENBEI |
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM |
$304,633 |
|
3R01GM075018-04S1 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF CALL ADHESION IN XENOPUS |
CHO, KEN W.Y. |
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE |
$94,198 |
|
5R01GM078502-03 |
R01 |
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF THE NA/BICARBONATE COTRANSPORTERS |
CHOI, INYEONG |
EMORY UNIVERSITY |
$267,750 |
|
3R01GM078502-03S1 |
R01 |
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF THE NA/BICARBONATE COTRANSPORTERS |
CHOI, INYEONG |
EMORY UNIVERSITY |
$247,488 |
|
5R01GM029513-29 |
R01 |
MICROTUBULE REGULATION |
CLEVELAND, DON W. |
LUDWIG INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH |
$611,119 |
|
3R01GM029513-29S1 |
R01 |
MICROTUBULE REGULATION |
CLEVELAND, DON W. |
LUDWIG INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH |
$162,658 |
|
5K08GM083216-02 |
K08 |
VOLATILE ANESTHETIC REGULATION OF TASK TANDEM PORE POTASSIUM CHANNELS |
COTTEN, JOSEPH F |
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL |
$130,928 |
|
3K08GM083216-02S1 |
K08 |
VOLATILE ANESTHETIC REGULATION OF TASK TANDEM PORE POTASSIUM CHANNELS |
COTTEN, JOSEPH F |
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL |
$108,000 |
|
5R01GM074771-03 |
R01 |
KINASES IN ION COTRANSPORTER FUNCTION |
DELPIRE, ERIC J |
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY |
$332,056 |
|
5R01GM052302-14 |
R01 |
BIOGENESIS OF VOLTAGE-GATED K+ CHANNELS |
DEUTSCH, CAROL J |
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA |
$758,729 |
|
5R01GM016317-41 |
R01 |
RNASES AND RNA METABOLISM IN BACTERIA |
DEUTSCHER, MURRAY P |
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE |
$476,558 |
|
5SC3GM081165-02 |
SC3 |
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING XENOPUS SOMITOGENESIS |
DOMINGO, CARMEN R. |
SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY |
$115,032 |
|
5R01GM085456-02 |
R01 |
DE-DIFFERENTIATING ADULT HUMAN FIBROBLASTS INTO STEM-LIKE CELLS USING CONDITIONS |
DOMINKO, TANJA |
WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE |
$293,402 |
|
3R01GM085456-02S2 |
R01 |
DE-DIFFERENTIATING ADULT HUMAN FIBROBLASTS INTO STEM-LIKE CELLS USING CONDITIONS |
DOMINKO, TANJA |
WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE |
$104,069 |
|
2R01GM070891-05 |
R01 |
ROLE OF ATR IN CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS |
DUNPHY, WILLIAM G. |
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY |
$466,716 |
|
5R01GM080570-03 |
R01 |
STRUCTURAL MECHANISMS OF MCM10 IN DNA REPLICATION |
EICHMAN, BRANDT F |
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY |
$274,595 |
|
1SC1GM086344-01 |
SC1 |
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF Y-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID TRANSPORTERS |
ESKANDARI, SEPEHR |
CALIFORNIA STATE POLY U POMONA |
$319,500 |
|
3SC1GM086344-01S1 |
SC1 |
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF Y-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID TRANSPORTERS |
ESKANDARI, SEPEHR |
CALIFORNIA STATE POLY U POMONA |
$39,283 |
|
5R01GM046383-20 |
R01 |
REGULATORS OF CDC2/CDK1 |
FERRELL, JAMES E. |
STANFORD UNIVERSITY |
$324,848 |
|
5R01GM077544-04 |
R01 |
BISTABILITY AND BIOLOGICAL OSCILLATIONS |
FERRELL, JAMES E. |
STANFORD UNIVERSITY |
$258,867 |
|
5R01GM075249-05 |
R01 |
ROLES OF CHROMOSOMAL FACTORS IN CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION |
FUNABIKI, HIRONORI |
ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY |
$304,460 |
|
2R01GM033397-25 |
R01 |
THE ORGANIZATION OF ANIMAL CELL NUCLEI |
GALL, JOSEPH G. |
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, D.C. |
$423,325 |
|
5R01GM067758-06 |
R01 |
MECHANISM OF RNA LOCALIZATION IN DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT |
GAVIS, ELIZABETH R. |
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY |
$332,289 |
|
3R01GM067758-06S1 |
R01 |
MECHANISM OF RNA LOCALIZATION IN DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT |
GAVIS, ELIZABETH R. |
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY |
$457,756 |
|
5R01GM052111-11 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF COORDINATION OF MOLECULAR MOTORS |
GELFAND, VLADIMIR I |
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY |
$469,742 |
|
3R01GM048430-16S1 |
R01 |
DROSOPHILA GENES AFFECTING CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION |
GOLDBERG, MICHAEL L |
CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA |
$129,044 |
|
5R01GM083071-02 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF C. ELEGANS GASTRULATION |
GOLDSTEIN, ROBERT P |
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL |
$276,520 |
|
5R37GM037432-24 |
R37 |
CATENIN AND CADHERIN SIGNALING IN DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER |
GUMBINER, BARRY M. |
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE |
$535,210 |
|
5R01GM052717-14 |
R01 |
BIOCHEMISTRY AND REGULATION OF CADHERIN ACTIVITY |
GUMBINER, BARRY M. |
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE |
$373,676 |
|
3R01GM052717-14S1 |
R01 |
BIOCHEMISTRY AND REGULATION OF CADHERIN ACTIVITY |
GUMBINER, BARRY M. |
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE |
$234,053 |
|
5R01GM078172-03 |
R01 |
NON-CANOICAL WNT SIGNALING AND CELL MOTILITY |
HABAS, RAYMOND |
UNIV OF MED/DENT NJ-R W JOHNSON MED SCH |
$263,334 |
|
5R01GM077336-03 |
R01 |
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEPATIC ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTING POLYPEPTIDES |
HAGENBUCH, BRUNO |
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS MEDICAL CENTER |
$320,550 |
|
2R01GM042341-23 |
R01 |
GENE EXPRESSION IN AMPHIBIAN DEVELOPMENT |
HARLAND, RICHARD M. |
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY |
$363,392 |
|
1R01GM086321-01 |
R01 |
A HIGH QUALITY GENOME ASSEMBLY FOR XENOPUS TROPICALIS |
HARLAND, RICHARD M. ;ROKHSAR, DANIEL ; |
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY |
$392,693 |
|
2R01GM070565-05 |
R01 |
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PROTEOLYSIS PATHWAYS FOR CULLIN TARGETS |
HARPER, JEFFREY WADE |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$321,869 |
|
3R01GM070565-05S1 |
R01 |
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PROTEOLYSIS PATHWAYS FOR CULLIN TARGETS |
HARPER, JEFFREY WADE |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$100,000 |
|
5F32GM082014-03 |
F32 |
MECHANISM OF PCNA-DEPENDENT CDT1 DESTRUCTION IN S PHASE |
HAVENS, COURTNEY G |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$51,710 |
|
2R01GM057603-10A1 |
R01 |
STUDIES OF WNT RECEPTOR INTERACTION WITH AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS |
HE, XI |
CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL BOSTON |
$425,184 |
|
5R01GM073994-04 |
R01 |
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE FUSION IN XENOPUS EGG EXTRACTS |
HETZER, MARTIN W |
SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES |
$353,298 |
|
5R01GM072754-06 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF CENTROSOME REPRODUCTION IN ANIMAL CELLS |
HINCHCLIFFE, EDWARD H |
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES |
$254,722 |
|
5R01GM080993-03 |
R01 |
A CLONABLE HIGH-DENSITY FOR 3-D ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CELLULAR STRUCTURES |
HOENGER, ANDREAS |
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER |
$265,125 |
|
5R01GM079427-18 |
R01 |
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS |
HORN, RICHARD J |
THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY |
$368,737 |
|
5R01GM083999-02 |
R01 |
LOCALIZED MRNAS IN VERTEBRATE AXIS FORMATION |
HOUSTON, DOUGLAS W |
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA |
$281,316 |
|
1R01GM088202-01 |
R01 |
PLANAR CELL POLARITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON |
JENNY, ANDREAS |
ALBERT EINSTEIN COL OF MED YESHIVA UNIV |
$327,776 |
|
5R01GM050806-16 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF DNA REPLICATION IN S. POMBE |
KELLY, THOMAS J |
SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES |
$441,477 |
|
5R01GM064768-07 |
R01 |
FOX GENE REGULATION OF NODAL SIGNALING IN MESODERM DEVELOPMENT |
KESSLER, DANIEL S |
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA |
$321,765 |
|
5R01GM033932-23 |
R01 |
ESTABLISHING GERM CELL FATE IN XENOPUS |
KING, MARY LOU |
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE |
$349,123 |
|
5R01GM066492-07 |
R01 |
CHEMICAL GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF MITOTIC PROTEOLYSIS |
KING, RANDALL W |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$364,246 |
|
3R01GM066492-07S1 |
R01 |
CHEMICAL GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF MITOTIC PROTEOLYSIS |
KING, RANDALL W |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$199,678 |
|
2R01GM076507-05 |
R01 |
DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF CILIATED EPITHELIA |
KINTNER, CHRISTOPHER ROBERT |
SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES |
$416,680 |
|
5R01GM076621-04 |
R01 |
EARLY ACTIVATION OF THE ZYGOTIC GENOME |
KLEIN, PETER S |
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA |
$290,572 |
|
1R01GM084133-01A1 |
R01 |
NFKB TARGETS AND NEURAL CREST DEVELOPMENT |
KLYMKOWSKY, MICHAEL W |
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER |
$317,292 |
|
5R01GM080333-03 |
R01 |
CONTROL OF CASPASE ACTIVATION IN APOPTOSIS |
KORNBLUTH, SALLY A |
DUKE UNIVERSITY |
$288,600 |
|
3R01GM080333-03S1 |
R01 |
CONTROL OF CASPASE ACTIVATION IN APOPTOSIS |
KORNBLUTH, SALLY A |
DUKE UNIVERSITY |
$225,036 |
|
1R01GM088175-01 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF M PHASE EXIT |
KORNBLUTH, SALLY A |
DUKE UNIVERSITY |
$304,130 |
|
5R01GM066815-07 |
R01 |
TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY GEMININ |
KROLL, KRISTEN L |
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY |
$288,800 |
|
3R01GM066815-07S1 |
R01 |
TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY GEMININ |
KROLL, KRISTEN L |
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY |
$283,295 |
|
2R01GM037949-23 |
R01 |
GROUP II INTRON MOBILITY AND GENE TARGETING |
LAMBOWITZ, ALAN M. |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN |
$503,195 |
|
5R01GM081635-03 |
R01 |
BIOCHEMICAL RECONSTITUTION OF HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS IN THE WNT PATHWAY |
LEE, ETHAN |
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY |
$233,234 |
|
3R01GM081635-03S1 |
R01 |
BIOCHEMICAL RECONSTITUTION OF HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS IN THE WNT PATHWAY |
LEE, ETHAN |
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY |
$59,134 |
|
1R01GM082995-01A2 |
R01 |
THE ROLE OF THE DNA UNWINDING ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN, DUE-B, IN DNA REPLICATION |
LEFFAK, MICHAEL |
WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY |
$294,145 |
|
5R01GM077425-04 |
R01 |
BIOELECTRICAL CONTROLS OF MORPHOGENESIS |
LEVIN, MICHAEL |
TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD |
$245,600 |
|
5R01GM078484-03 |
R01 |
BIOPHYSICAL CONTROLS OF VERTEBRATE ORGAN REGENERATION |
LEVIN, MICHAEL |
TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD |
$295,152 |
|
5R01GM066953-07 |
R01 |
MESODERMAL CELL FATE SPECIFICATION IN C. ELEGANS |
LIU, JUN |
CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA |
$315,837 |
|
3R01GM066953-07S2 |
R01 |
MESODERMAL CELL FATE SPECIFICATION IN C. ELEGANS |
LIU, JUN |
CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA |
$26,000 |
|
5R01GM080673-03 |
R01 |
THE ROLE OF AJUBA LIM PROTEIN IN EPITHELIA BIOGENESIS |
LONGMORE, GREGORY |
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY |
$288,800 |
|
5R01GM055560-12 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF PERMEATION IN INWARD RECTIFIER K+ CHANNELS |
LU, ZHE |
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA |
$373,732 |
|
5R01GM061829-10 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF CALCIUM SIGNALING DURING OOGENESIS |
MACHACA, KHALED |
WEILL MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CORNELL UNIV |
$214,718 |
|
9R01GM088790-05A1 |
R01 |
FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF IP3-EVOKED LOCAL CA2+ SIGNALS |
MARCHANT, JONATHAN S |
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES |
$310,732 |
|
3R01GM088790-05A1S1 |
R01 |
FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF IP3-EVOKED LOCAL CA2+ SIGNALS |
MARCHANT, JONATHAN S |
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES |
$224,769 |
|
2R01GM067779-05A2 |
R01 |
NETWORK-DIRECTED DISCOVERY OF DISEASE GENES |
MARCOTTE, EDWARD M |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN |
$273,600 |
|
5R01GM063004-08 |
R01 |
PROTEIN UNFOLDING IN A PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM |
MATOUSCHEK, ANDREAS |
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY |
$321,695 |
|
5R01GM078247-04 |
R01 |
BEYOND GFP AND AEQUORIN: OCEAN-WIDE STUDY OF FLUORESCENT AND LUMINOUS PROTEINS |
MATZ, MIKHAIL V |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN |
$291,735 |
|
5R01GM052112-15 |
R01 |
P120-CATENIN SUB-FAMILY FUNCTIONS |
MCCREA, PIERRE D |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CAN CTR |
$323,400 |
|
3R01GM052112-15S1 |
R01 |
P120-CATENIN SUB-FAMILY FUNCTIONS |
MCCREA, PIERRE D |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CAN CTR |
$57,411 |
|
5R01GM066270-07 |
R01 |
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN KINETOCHORE OUTER PLATE |
MCEWEN, BRUCE F |
WADSWORTH CENTER |
$367,392 |
|
3R01GM066270-07S1 |
R01 |
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN KINETOCHORE OUTER PLATE |
MCEWEN, BRUCE F |
WADSWORTH CENTER |
$71,546 |
|
2R01GM067735-06A1 |
R01 |
REPLICATION CHECKPOINT ACTIVATION AND SILENCING |
MICHAEL, MATTHEW |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY |
$335,273 |
|
3R01GM067735-06A1S1 |
R01 |
REPLICATION CHECKPOINT ACTIVATION AND SILENCING |
MICHAEL, MATTHEW |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY |
$267,145 |
|
5R01GM023928-31 |
R01 |
CYTOSKELETON POLYMERIZATION DYNAMICS IN THE CELL CYCLE |
MITCHISON, TIMOTHY J |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$392,865 |
|
5R01GM039565-22 |
R01 |
MICROTUBULE DYNAMICS AND MITOTIC MECHANISM |
MITCHISON, TIMOTHY J |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$505,486 |
|
3R01GM073887-04S1 |
R01 |
R01:WNT AND BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING IN REGENERATION |
MOON, RANDALL TODD |
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON |
$126,779 |
|
5R01GM050284-12 |
R01 |
MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAYS IN APOPTOSIS |
NEWMEYER, DONALD DAVID |
LA JOLLA INST FOR ALLERGY & IMMUNOLGY |
$340,947 |
|
5R01GM078244-03 |
R01 |
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE SODIUM CHANNELS |
O'LEARY, MICHAEL E |
THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY |
$242,143 |
|
3R01GM078244-03S1 |
R01 |
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE SODIUM CHANNELS |
O'LEARY, MICHAEL E |
THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY |
$25,000 |
|
5R01GM083025-02 |
R01 |
SPECIFICITY OF EFFECTOR ACTIVATION BY RHO FAMILY GTPASES |
PETERSON, JEFFREY R |
INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH |
$314,100 |
|
3R01GM083025-02S1 |
R01 |
SPECIFICITY OF EFFECTOR ACTIVATION BY RHO FAMILY GTPASES |
PETERSON, JEFFREY R |
INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH |
$229,307 |
|
1R01GM086526-01A1 |
R01 |
SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE AND DYNAMICAL BEHAVIORS OF THE KINASES THAT DRIVE M-PHASE |
POMERENING, JOSEPH RICHARD |
INDIANA UNIVERSITY BLOOMINGTON |
$269,984 |
|
5R01GM059975-09 |
R01 |
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF VERTEBRATE NUCLEAR TRANSPORT |
POWERS, MAUREEN A. |
EMORY UNIVERSITY |
$309,966 |
|
5R01GM071760-04 |
R01 |
ROLE OF HMGA1 PROTEINS IN DNA DAMAGE AND EXCISION REPAIR |
REEVES, RAYMOND |
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY |
$275,715 |
|
5R01GM046779-19 |
R01 |
POLYADENYLATION AND TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL |
RICHTER, JOEL D |
UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER |
$381,875 |
|
3R01GM046779-19S1 |
R01 |
POLYADENYLATION AND TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL |
RICHTER, JOEL D |
UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER |
$87,135 |
|
3R01GM062290-08S1 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT |
RODIONOV, VLADIMIR I |
UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT |
$184,773 |
|
5R01GM080753-03 |
R01 |
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE BIFUNCTIONAL ION CHANNEL AND KINASE TRPM7 |
RUNNELS, LOREN W |
UNIV OF MED/DENT NJ-R W JOHNSON MED SCH |
$296,400 |
|
3R01GM080753-03S1 |
R01 |
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE BIFUNCTIONAL ION CHANNEL AND KINASE TRPM7 |
RUNNELS, LOREN W |
UNIV OF MED/DENT NJ-R W JOHNSON MED SCH |
$45,303 |
|
3R01GM038277-22S1 |
R01 |
HORMONAL REGULATION OF MRNA STABILITY |
SCHOENBERG, DANIEL R. |
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY |
$123,218 |
|
1R01GM079707-01A2 |
R01 |
NONSENSE CODON ACTIVATION OF ENDONUCLEASE-MEDIATED MRNA DECAY |
SCHOENBERG, DANIEL R. |
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY |
$307,500 |
|
5R01GM076112-04 |
R01 |
BUILDING A SYSTEMS-LEVEL VIEW OF CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS |
SIBLE, JILL C |
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST AND ST UNIV |
$222,162 |
|
1R01GM088500-01 |
R01 |
REPROGRAMMING CELLS TO ENABLE LIMB REGENERATION |
SLACK, JONATHAN M. |
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES |
$302,000 |
|
5R01GM030758-28 |
R01 |
CENTROSOME REDUPLICATION AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLEAVAGE FAILURE/PROLONGED MITOSIS |
SLUDER, GREENFIELD |
UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER |
$445,734 |
|
3R01GM030758-28S2 |
R01 |
CENTROSOME REDUPLICATION AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLEAVAGE FAILURE/PROLONGED MITOSIS |
SLUDER, GREENFIELD |
UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER |
$186,599 |
|
5R01GM077592-03 |
R01 |
METASTASIS-ASSOCIATED KINASE IN WNT SIGNALING |
SOKOL, SERGEI Y |
MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE OF NYU |
$318,660 |
|
2R01GM052022-14 |
R01 |
CENTROSOME STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND DUPLICATION |
STEARNS, TIM |
STANFORD UNIVERSITY |
$445,803 |
|
3R01GM052022-14S1 |
R01 |
CENTROSOME STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND DUPLICATION |
STEARNS, TIM |
STANFORD UNIVERSITY |
$117,773 |
|
5R01GM026154-39 |
R01 |
SMALL RNP MEDIATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION |
STEITZ, JOAN A. |
YALE UNIVERSITY |
$272,284 |
|
3R01GM026154-39S1 |
R01 |
SMALL RNP MEDIATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION |
STEITZ, JOAN A. |
YALE UNIVERSITY |
$24,358 |
|
5R01GM074728-05 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF KINETOCHORE ASSEMBLY |
STRAIGHT, AARON F |
STANFORD UNIVERSITY |
$253,404 |
|
5R01GM081576-02 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF "END ON" MICROTUBULE ATTACHMENT BY THE KINETOCHORE |
STUKENBERG, P. TODD |
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE |
$273,948 |
|
3R01GM081576-02S1 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF "END ON" MICROTUBULE ATTACHMENT BY THE KINETOCHORE |
STUKENBERG, P. TODD |
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE |
$99,753 |
|
5R01GM076599-04 |
R01 |
TRAF4 IN TGF-BETA SIGNALING AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT |
THOMSEN, GERALD H |
STATE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK STONY BROOK |
$290,606 |
|
5R01GM080462-03 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT BY GTPASES |
THOMSEN, GERALD H |
STATE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK STONY BROOK |
$289,308 |
|
3R01GM074096-04S1 |
R01 |
MODEL SYNTHETIC CHANNEL ASSEMBLIES |
TOMICH, JOHN M |
KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY |
$80,136 |
|
5R01GM074096-04 |
R01 |
MODEL SYNTHETIC CHANNEL ASSEMBLIES |
TOMICH, JOHN M |
KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY |
$241,955 |
|
1R01GM088253-01 |
R01 |
THE CONTROL OF CENTRIOLE DUPLICATION AND DEGENERATION |
TSOU, MENG-FU BRYAN |
SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES |
$361,998 |
|
2R01GM061275-10 |
R01 |
THE NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX: INTERPHASE AND MITOTIC FUNCTION |
ULLMAN, KATHARINE S |
UNIVERSITY OF UTAH |
$309,093 |
|
3R01GM032441-25S1 |
R01 |
DNA REPLICATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF CHLORELLA VIRUSES |
VAN ETTEN, JAMES L |
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN |
$144,281 |
|
1F32GM087107-01 |
F32 |
BIOELECTRICAL CONTROLS OF LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY |
VANDENBERG, LAURA N. |
TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD |
$47,210 |
|
5R01GM054179-11 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF GATING AND PERMEATION IN GAP JUNCTIONS |
VERSELIS, VYTAUTAS K |
ALBERT EINSTEIN COL OF MED YESHIVA UNIV |
$319,550 |
|
5R01GM074104-05 |
R01 |
MECHANISM OF VERTEBRATE NEURAL TUBE MORPHOGENESIS |
WALLINGFORD, JOHN B |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN |
$280,998 |
|
1R01GM086627-01 |
R01 |
DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL OF CELL POLARITY IN VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS. |
WALLINGFORD, JOHN B |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN |
$265,176 |
|
5R01GM062267-09 |
R01 |
PROPERTIES OF THE EUKARYOTIC REPLICATIVE DNA HELICASE |
WALTER, JOHANNES |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$337,398 |
|
5R01GM080676-03 |
R01 |
CELL CYCLE REGULATION OF VERTEBRATE DNA REPLICATION |
WALTER, JOHANNES |
HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) |
$322,050 |
|
5R01GM081489-02 |
R01 |
ROLE OF UBP-M AND H2A DEUBIQUITINATION IN CHROMATIN AND CELLULAR FUNCTION |
WANG, HENGBIN |
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM |
$267,525 |
|
3R01GM081489-02S1 |
R01 |
ROLE OF UBP-M AND H2A DEUBIQUITINATION IN CHROMATIN AND CELLULAR FUNCTION |
WANG, HENGBIN |
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM |
$202,813 |
|
5F32GM083542-02 |
F32 |
MECHANOSENSITIVE SIGNALING AND CELL ADHESION DURING MIGRATION |
WEBER, GREGORY |
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA CHARLOTTESVILLE |
$50,054 |
|
5R01GM061671-08 |
R01 |
SIGNALING MECHANISMS COORDINATING CELL FATE DETERMINATION AND MORPHOGENESIS |
WEINSTEIN, DANIEL |
QUEENS COLLEGE |
$306,900 |
|
5R01GM065232-06 |
R01 |
STUDYING THE ROLE OF RAN IN MITOSIS |
HEALD, REBECCA W;WEIS, KARSTEN ; |
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY |
$327,385 |
|
5R01GM072915-04 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF ENDODERM SPECIFICATION ALONG THE A-P AXIS |
WELLS, JAMES M |
CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MED CTR (CINCINNATI) |
$276,735 |
|
5R01GM057438-11 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX ASSEMBLY |
HETZER, MARTIN W;WENTE, SUSAN R. ; |
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY |
$459,814 |
|
3R01GM050942-13S1 |
R01 |
FUNCTION OF 3'UTRS |
WICKENS, MARVIN P. |
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON |
$473,266 |
|
3R01GM073863-04S1 |
R01 |
RNA QUALITY CONTROL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS |
WOLIN, SANDRA L. |
YALE UNIVERSITY |
$78,408 |
|
5R01GM056238-11 |
R01 |
BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF NODAL RELATED GENES IN EMBRYOGENESIS |
WRIGHT, CHRISTOPHER V. |
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY |
$337,700 |
|
2R01GM057962-10A2 |
R01 |
WERNER SYNDROME PROTEIN, DNA END PROCESSING, AND DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK REPAIR |
YAN, HONG |
INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH |
$388,208 |
|
1R01GM085234-01A1 |
R01 |
ASSEMBLY OF POLYCYSTIN COMPLEXES |
YANG, JIAN |
COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK MORNINGSIDE |
$328,120 |
|
3P01GM048677-17S1 |
P01 |
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY & IMAGING CORE |
YOSHIKAMI, DOJU |
UNIVERSITY OF UTAH |
$171,751 |
|
5R01GM061542-09 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF THE ANAPHASE-PROMOTING COMPLEX BY THE SPINDLE CHECKPOINT |
YU, HONGTAO |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SW MED CTR/DALLAS |
$304,894 |
|
3R01GM061542-09S1 |
R01 |
REGULATION OF THE ANAPHASE-PROMOTING COMPLEX BY THE SPINDLE CHECKPOINT |
YU, HONGTAO |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SW MED CTR/DALLAS |
$85,000 |
|
5R01GM062937-09 |
R01 |
SPLICEOSOMAL SNRNA MODIFICATION IN XENOPUS OOCYTES |
YU, YI-TAO |
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER |
$272,657 |
|
5R01GM084879-02 |
R01 |
EVOLUTION OF SODIUM CHANNEL GENES |
ZAKON, HAROLD H |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN |
$296,800 |
|
3R01GM084879-02S1 |
R01 |
EVOLUTION OF SODIUM CHANNEL GENES |
ZAKON, HAROLD H |
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN |
$271,398 |
|
5R01GM083889-13 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF GROWTH CONE TURNING IN DIFFUSIBLE GRADIENT |
ZHENG, JAMES Q |
EMORY UNIVERSITY |
$341,000 |
|
5R01GM084363-02 |
R01 |
DIRECTED GROWTH CONE MIGRATION BY CALCIUM SIGNALS |
ZHENG, JAMES Q |
EMORY UNIVERSITY |
$262,880 |
|
3R01GM084363-02S1 |
R01 |
DIRECTED GROWTH CONE MIGRATION BY CALCIUM SIGNALS |
ZHENG, JAMES Q |
EMORY UNIVERSITY |
$60,000 |
|
5R01GM081492-03 |
R01 |
MECHANISMS OF DIFFERENT WNT SIGNALS |
ZHENG, JIE J. |
ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL |
$310,800 |
|
5P01GM047969-18 |
P01 |
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF NEUROSTEROID ANALOGUES |
ZORUMSKI, CHARLES F |
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY |
$348,917 |
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